Copper ⇌ Alkali Ion Exchange of Alkali Aluminosillcate Glasses in Copper-Containing Molten Salt: I, Monovalent Copper Salt, CuCl

Cu⁺⇌ R⁺ (R = Li, Na, and K) ion exchange experiments were conducted for 20R₂O·10Al₂O₃·70SiO₂ glasses in molten CuCl at 550°C in air and nitrogen atmospheres. The depth profiles of the copper incorporated into glasses were determined with an electron microprobe X-ray analyzer. The total amount of diffusing copper, M _t, strongly depended on the type of alkali ion in the glass and the ion-exchange atmosphere; i.e., M _t increased with increasing cationic size in the order Li < Na < K and M _t was greater in air than in nitrogen. The Cu ⇌ R⁺ ion exchange kinetics are discussed in detail.     

Degradation of the oxirane ring of epoxidized vegetable oils with solvated acetic acid using cation‐exchange resins

Vegetable oil epoxides (oxiranes) are customarily manufactured using acetic acid (AA) as oxygen carrier and reactant source, in aqueous/organic media. Further attack of the oxirane ring by AA proceeds in this acid‐catalyzed process, lowering yield. We report a study of the degradation of the ring by water‐solvated AA, using Amberlite IR‐120 as heterogeneous catalyst. The ring opening with solvated AA was found to be first order with respect to the concentration of epoxide groups and second order with respect to the carboxylic acid, with an activation energy of 58.7 ± 0.42 kJ mol^?1. This value is within the range found in liquid‐liquid systems (51.3–66.3 kJ mol^?1). Yet, using IR‐120, the degradation increases identically either by adding more mass of catalyst or by reducing its particle diameter while keeping the total mass constant, as both situations lead to higher external (exposed) area of the acidic catalyst (i.e., free protons associated to the sulfonic group) on the outer surface of the ion exchange resin beads. These free protons, in turn, become available to catalyze the attack on the oxirane groups of the long‐chain fatty acids, which cannot enter (diffuse) into the gel phase of the resin. Despite the unavoidable presence of surface‐exposed protons, the degradation can be reduced by several orders of magnitude – for similar process conditions – by using this type of heterogeneous catalysts instead of mineral acids.     

Transient and isotopic studies of the oxygen transport and exchange during oxidative coupling of methane on Sr promoted La2O3

Isotopic transient techniques were applied to study oxidative coupling of methane over lanthanum oxide and strontium promoted La₂O₃ catalysts. Results of the¹⁸O₂/¹⁶O₂ isotopic exchange experiments indicate that Sr promotion increases oxygen uptake from the lattice of the catalyst. Oxygen self diffusion coefficients, which were determined for the series of lanthana catalysts, reach a maximum for the 1% Sr/La₂O₃. Steps of¹⁸O₂ in the presence of a steady flow of methane over Sr/La₂O₃ catalysts, indicate that surface and bulk oxygen appear in the reaction products before gas-phase¹⁸O². Steps of CO₂ over catalysts in which lattice oxygen has been exchanged with¹⁸O₂, show that gas/solid exchange involves over 50% of the lattice oxygen. Under reaction conditions, methane pulses with no gas-phase oxygen yield negligible amounts of products which indicates that methane interacts with lattice oxygen only in the presence of the gas-phase oxygen.     

省级机动车排气检测监管系统应用研究

为解决当前我国省级环保部门对机动车排气检测监管的实际困难,提高机动车排气污染监管能力,介绍了省级机动车排气检测监管信息系统的构建方法,提出了系统的整体技术框架、网络架构和功能模块组成,并阐述了基于Web services的省—市数据交换技术和自定义统计报表技术的实现方法。以广东省为例开发了原型系统,试运行结果初步显示了系统的实际运行能力。该系统方案能有效解决当前省级环保部门机动车监管所面临的实际问题。     

基于数据交换模型的测试方法

通过深入地研究数据交换的通用模型,抽象数据交换的过程状态和规则,提出了一种基于数据交换的测试模型及其测试的方法,该方法能够适用于绝大多数数据交换场景的测试并有效地提高测试效率.最后给出了未来的研究方向.     

一种土壤湿度检测系统设计

本文设计了一种无线土壤湿度采集装置,该装置通过湿度传感器HS1101对土壤湿度进行采集,然后将采集到的数据通过无线模块PTR2000发送出去,接收方接收到数据后解包,计算出湿度值并在液晶屏上显示。系统发射部分以AT89S52为核心,包括湿度采集、无线发射。接收部分也以AT89S52为核心,将无线接收、液晶显示结合起来,通过适当的软、硬件抗干扰处理,该系统具有实用性、小型化等特点。     

次贷危机对我国外汇储备的影响及其管理策略

美国次贷危机自从爆发以来,已经逐渐对国际金融市场和世界经济产生了深远影响,而当前我国外汇储备规模相当庞大并且其结构中包括大量的美元资产。通过分析次贷危机对美元资产价格、美元人民币汇率和美国经济形势的直接作用,分析了其对我国外汇储备的影响。最后针对当前美国次贷危机背景下,考虑到我国外汇储备所面临的风险,提出了外汇储备的风险管理策略。     

低浓度重金属离子的富集及其对脲酶活性影响

利用树脂对水中重金属离子进行有效吸附富集,再利用富集的重金属离子对脲酶活性的抑制影响来确定金属离子的浓度。研究了在不同条件下树脂对不同重金属离子的吸附性能,采用分光光度法得到了金属离子浓度及铵离子浓度的标准曲线,同时还研究了温度、树脂质量、缓冲液、尿素、离子种类、离子浓度等对脲酶活性的抑制关系。结果表明,0.5 g树脂完全可以吸附体积为50 mL,质量浓度不大于0.7 mg/mL的重金属离子,而在一定的浓度范围内,铜离子和铅离子对脲酶有明显的抑制作用,且具有线性关系。     

适用于移动商务环境的口令认证密钥交换协议

在移动商务环境下为了解决全自动区分计算机和人类的公开图灵测试（CAPTCHA）技术易被攻击而失效的问题,提出了适用于该环境的口令认证密钥交换协议．将认证密钥交换过程与CAPTCHA挑战/应答过程巧妙融合,在不增加协议通信轮数的条件下,通过对称加密方案保护CAPTCHA问题实例;采用适于移动终端的椭圆曲线公钥系统,基于智能卡的安全特性,提高了协议的效率和安全性;在随机预言机模型下,给出了安全性证明．与同类协议相比,新协议仅需3轮通信就能使CAPTCHA问题实例免受攻击,无须存储口令验证表,具备前向安全性.