Synthesis of polyamide-imide-montmorillonite-nanocomposites via new approach of in situ polymerization and solvent casting

Due to the inherent importance of nanostructuring in coatings the present article provides a new approach for exfoliation of montmorillonite via in situ polymerization in comparison to solvent casting method. The new in situ polymerization with PAI was realized by swelling MMT's intergallery with p-chlorphenole blocked 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid anhydride followed by polymerization within MMT's intergalleries. XRD-measurements and SEM analysis at cross-sections revealed nanocomposites with exfoliated sheet structure up to 2.0 wt% MMT while for solvent casting 1.2 wt% was determined as limiting concentration. Therefore, this novel approach provides synthesis of higher concentrated exfoliated PAI-MMT-nanocomposites. Despite its disadvantage in lower limiting concentration, when it comes to application, the solvent casting method turned out to be superior to in situ polymerization as it is much faster and economically more feasible.     

Olive mill wastewaters decontamination based on organo-nano-clay composites

Green composites for environmental applications were successfully prepared by intercalation of the biosurfactant Quillaja saponin onto montmorillonite mineral clay on varying pH and surfactant/clay ratio. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were constructed and the system was characterized by performing TGA and XRD analyses.The efficiency of the surfactant-modified clay in the removal of the organic content present in olive mill wastewaters (OMW) was evaluated by means of spectrophotometric measurements. The interest for this cogent issue comes from the consideration that, despite their high pollutant content, OMW can be considered as a potential resource of several organic compounds which can be recovered for a wide array of pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Two different strategies were proposed. In the first one, dried surfactant/clay hybrids were added to the batch samples under continuous stirring, while in the second alternative approach the organoclays were packed in chromatography column filled with multiple alternate layers of sand and organoclay.These studies revealed the efficacy of the methods used and suggested that the modification of the montmorillonite clay substrate significantly improves the performance of the clay.     

Epoxy reinforcement with silicate particles: Rheological and adhesive properties – Part I: Characterization of composites with natural and organically modified montmorillonites

Rheological and adhesive properties of epoxy oligomer–montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites containing 2 and 5 wt% of natural and organomodified clay were studied. Ultrasound treatment of epoxy–clay systems was used for their homogenization. According to rheological data, ultrasound stirring allows the development of well-dispersed systems in the case of organomodified MMT. Sonication of composites with natural clay is inefficient and leads to a poorly dispersed structure. X-ray data demonstrate increases in the interlaminar spacing for organomodified MMT (up to 2 times), which is indicative of MMT intercalation. Clay addition leads to 40–65% increase in the shear adhesion strength of the cured epoxy resin. The sonication influence on the shear adhesion strength of the system with 2 wt% of any clay is very small. Ultrasound stirring of the systems with 5 wt% of clay results in higher values of adhesion for organomodified MMT.     

聚氯乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的研究

采用熔融插层法制备了聚氯乙烯(PVC) /蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合材料并进行了表征,研究了PVC/MMT纳米复合材料的力学性能。结果表明:PVC进入到有机MMT的片层间形成了纳米复合材料,但PVC不能进入钠基MMT的片层间,形成纳米复合材料;蒙脱土的加入提高了PVC的力学性能,而且PVC/有机MMT纳米复合材料的拉伸和冲击强度总是优于PVC/钠基MMT复合材料;对PVC/有机MMT纳米复合材料而言,复合材料的V型缺口冲击比U型缺口冲击敏感,其力学性能随热处理时间延长而降低,但PVC/有机MMT复合材料比PVC/钠基MMT的抗热性好。     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯-苯乙烯共聚物的悬浮聚合工艺

采用无机／有机三元复合分散体系进行了甲基丙烯酸甲酯与苯乙烯悬浮聚合的研究。对影响共聚物珠粒形成的因素进行了考察，得到了合成共聚物的优化工艺条件。用博立叶红外光谱（FT-IR）方法表征了珠状共聚物的结构，并用热分析仪考察了共聚物的热性能。结果表明，在以有机蒙脱土为分散剂的优化工艺条件下，合成的甲基丙烯酸甲酯／苯乙烯共聚物的热性能有明显提高。     

PVC/聚烯烃/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备与性能研究

将钠基蒙脱土(MMT)预先负载小分子单体丙烯酰胺(AM)和引发剂过氧化二异丙苯，然后与PVC／PE或PVC／PP在双辊上进行插层复合，制成了PVC／聚烯烃／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，对复合材料进行了表征。结果表明：吸附丙烯酰胺后蒙脱土的层间距有所增大，AM-MMT填充的复合材料属于插层型纳米复合材料，PP复合材料比PE复合材料更容易插层蒙脱土；纳米复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度都随AM-MMT用量的增加有一最大值；DSC显示插层效果较好的纳米复合材料的Tg较低。     

聚烯烃/蒙脱土纳米复合材料研究进展

简要概述了蒙脱土的有机改性机理、聚烯烃/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备方法、结构与表征以及聚烯烃/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的研究进展。     

Production of high porosity nanoparticles of cerium oxide in clay

Cerium oxide nanoparticles modified montmorillonite was obtained by interaction of a clay with (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆. The mean size of cerium oxide nanoparticles in clay was at 3.5 nm. The product was an amorphous solid and showed high permanent porosity and stability at high temperatures. The amorphous structure of the sample was proven by X-ray diffraction and electronic diffraction. The porous structure was studied by means of chemisorption and it was shown that samples calcined at 550 °C had S_BET = 239 m²/g; micropore volume = 0.1839 cm³/g; average pore diameter = 3.07 nm.     

季铵盐改性蒙脱土的微观结构与表面分形特征

以两种双子季铵盐（MD,DMB）和一种单季铵盐（HTMAB）为有机改性剂,通过阳离子交换法对Na蒙脱土改性,制得季铵盐有机改性蒙脱土。采用N2吸附法、X射线衍射（XRD）及红外光谱分析（FT-IR）研究了季铵盐有机改性蒙脱土的微观结构及表面特征。结果表明,经MD,DMB及HTMAB改性后,蒙脱土BET比表面积及层间距均有所减小,这与传统长链单季铵盐的改性效果不同;有机改性后,季铵盐阳离子成功吸附于蒙脱土的层间,蒙脱土的微观结构发生了改变,形成微孔和介孔同时存在的二维交错多孔结构,表面由亲水性转变为疏水性,且改性蒙脱土分形维数D较原土有所减小,表明改性土孔隙分布更加均匀。     

The role of fluid polarity in the swelling of sodium-montmorillonite clay: A molecular dynamics and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study

Swelling clays are found extensively in various parts of the world, and sodium-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) is the main constituent of an expansive clay mineral. In this work, the swelling behavior of Na-MMT clay with a wide range of organic fluids, high polar through low polar fluids, is studied using a combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The construction of the representative clay–fluid models is carried out, and the nature of nonbonded interactions between clay and fluids is studied using MD. Our FTIR and MD simulations results suggest the significant nonbonded interactions between Na-MMT clay and polar fluids, such as formamide and water. The nonbonded interactions of Na-MMT with methanol and acetone are significantly less than those in Na-MMT with polar fluids. The interactions of the fluids with various entities of the clay such as SiO, FeOH, MgOH, and AlOH captured via the spectroscopy experiments and modeling provide a finer understanding of the interactions and their contributions to swelling. The MD simulations are able to capture the band shifts observed in the spectra obtained in the spectroscopy experiments. This work also captures the conformations of interlayer sodium ions with formamide, water, methanol, and acetone during swelling. These nonbonded interactions provide insight into the molecular mechanism that the polarity of fluids plays an important role in the initiation of interlayer swelling, alteration in the orientations, and evolution of microstructure of swelling clays at the molecular scale.