我国隧道及地下工程的新进展

简述了我国隧道及地下工程的发展，介绍了当前隧道及地下工程的施工方法、辅助工法，并提出了施工中应注意的有关重要问题     

北京鹰山特大断面隧道开挖技术

北京鹰山隧道断面特大，埋深特浅，采用正台阶弧形导坑施工法开挖，效率及成本均优。采取的技术措施为：以新奥法施工原则为指导；上台阶开挖留核心土；下台阶实行马口开挖；加宽加高开挖断面；加固拱脚锚杆等。     

新奥法施工隧道拱顶位移估算方法的研究

阐述了隧道新奥法施工拱顶位移的监测方法，以大量实际监测数据为依据，给出了新奥法施工隧道拱顶位移的估算公式。     

Computertomografische Untersuchung von Stahlfaserspritzbeton mit mehrdimensionalen Transferfunktionen

Der Verbundwerkstoff Stahlfaserbeton bzw. Stahlfaserspritzbeton (SFRSpC) findet in der Geotechnik eine breite Anwendung. Für die Modellierung des mechanischen Verhaltens ist das Wissen über die Verteilung und Ausrichtung der Fasern im Beton von entscheidender Bedeutung. In einer Bachelorarbeit wurden die Stahlfasern in Bohrkernproben mit Hilfe der Computertomografie (CT) am Österreichischen Gießerei‐Institut (ÖGI) sichtbar gemacht und die Orientierung jeder einzelnen Faser anhand der STL‐Schnittstelle und weiterer Software berechnet, statistisch ausgewertet und grafisch, ähnlich dem Schmidt'schen Netz, dargestellt. Dieses zeitaufwändige Verfahren wurde von VRVis durch ein Postprocessing automatisiert. Die Stahlfasern können bezüglich ihrer zwei Hauptwinkel in Echtzeit exploriert, klassifiziert und dabei visuell überwacht werden. Es bieten sich verschiedene Möglichkeiten der statistischen Auswertung an. Ein Richtungs‐Kugelhistogramm, ebenfalls dem Schmidt'schen Netz ähnlich, ermöglicht dem Anwender, die Richtungsverteilung der selektierten Stahlfasern auf einen Blick zu erkennen. Die Farbkodierung der Richtungen wird auch für die 3D‐Visualisierung der Stahlfasern übernommen, um die räumliche Erfassung der Richtungsverteilung im SFRSpC selbst zu erleichtern. Computertomographic Investigation of Steel Fibre Reinforced Sprayed Concrete using Multi‐Dimensional Transfer Functions The composite material steel fibre reinforced concrete or steel fibre reinforced sprayed concrete (SFRS) is widely used in geotechnics. For the modelling of the mechanical behaviour the knowledge of the distribution and orientation of the fibres in the concrete is of particular importance. For a bachelor thesis the steel fibres in drill cores were investigated by computed tomography (CT) at the Austrian Foundry Research Institute (ÖGI). The orientation of each fibre was calculated using a STL‐interface and further software tools. The results were statistically evaluated and graphically represented using Schmidt's net. This time consuming (expensive) method was automated by a post‐processing of VRVis. With that tool the steel fibres in the sample can be explored, classified and visually examined in real‐time regarding their orientation in two angles. Different possibilities of statistical evaluation can be implemented. A real‐time direction sphere histogram (DSH), comparable to Schmidt's net in 3D allows the user to recognise the distribution of orientations of the selected fibres at a glance. The colour‐coding of the different orientations is also used for the 3D‐volume‐view of the fibres, to easily identify the spatial distribution of orientations in the SFRS sample.     

水工隧洞膨胀岩段初期支护设计及效果分析

以某超长距离引水隧洞工程为例,以新奥法为理论基础指导设计及施工,针对地质勘探支洞在开挖过程中遇到膨胀岩的问题,提出在初期喷锚支护的基础上,增设超前支护和系统钢架,并在膨胀岩洞段设置监测断面,进行数据采集和分析。结果表明,初期支护设计合理,选用的支护参数可靠,能够保证膨胀岩洞段施工期安全。     

Back analysis of model parameters in geotechnical engineering by means of soft computing

In this paper, a parameter identification (PI) method for determination of unknown model parameters in geotechnical engineering is proposed. It is based on measurement data provided by the construction site. Model parameters for finite element (FE) analyses are identified such that the results of these calculations agree with the available measurement data as well as possible. For determination of the unknown model parameters, use of an artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed. The network is trained to approximate the results of FE simulations. A genetic algorithm (GA) uses the trained ANN to provide an estimate of optimal model parameters which, finally, has to be assessed by an additional FE analysis. The presented mode of PI renders back analysis of model parameters feasible even for large‐scale models as used in geotechnical engineering. The advantages of theoretical developments concerning both the structure and the training of the ANN are illustrated by the identification of material properties from experimental data. Finally, the performance of the proposed PI method is demonstrated by two problems taken from geotechnical engineering. The impact of back analysis on the actual construction process is outlined. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lining structural monitoring in the new underground service of Naples (Italy)

A new underground stretch connecting two existing lines of the urban railway underground system was built in Naples. The tunnel was excavated by NATM through unsaturated pyroclastic silty sand at relatively large depths, ranging between thirty to eighty metres. The geometry of the section is rather typical with a top part shaped as half a circle and a rectangular bottom. The tunnel was conventionally built with a staged construction: after the full face excavation, a temporary lining composed by horse-shoe steel ribs and sprayed concrete was put in place. Two steel ribs, spaced about one hundred metres apart and located about sixty metres below the ground surface, were instrumented with twenty-four vibrating wire strain gauges, installed at six symmetric locations. Nearly two years of measurements were collected. In the paper the measured strains and the back-calculated internal forces are reported. The results of FE 3D and 2D back-analyses are also shown allowing to throw a light on the observed behaviour.     

Artificial Ground Freezing to excavate a tunnel in sandy soil. Measurements and back analysis

The paper is dedicated to the case history of a 13 m wide, 17 m high and 40 m long service tunnel at Toledo Station, previously constructed in a deep open shaft and belonging to the Line 1 of the Napoli underground network. The existing Line 1 has been recently extended with a new stretch consisting of five new stations connected by twin rail tunnels for a total length of about 5 km. Toledo Station main shaft is located by a side of the line and it is connected to the pedestrian platforms by the above mentioned large size service tunnel. The station is situated in the historical center of the city of Napoli, under a deeply urbanized area. In Fig. 1 a longitudinal section of the main shaft of the station and of the large service tunnel with the above and surrounding buildings is sketched. The focus of this paper is on the settlement caused by the tunnel excavation and on the use of the Artificial Ground Freezing (AGF) technique to allow the safe excavation of the large crown of the service tunnel, located about one half in a silty sand layer and one half in yellow tuff, well below the groundwater table.     

浅谈监控量测在隧道新奥法施工中的应用

对隧道新奥法施工中监控量测的目的、量测内容及方法、数据处理及分析应用三个方面进行了论述,从而为隧道的新奥法施工提供了详细、科学的参数,对隧道施工的合理性与经济性具有重要的意义。     

鞍山市玉佛山隧道改造设计

介绍鞍山市玉佛山隧道截面扩大的改造方案设计。具体论述了改造隧道内轮廓、衬砌结构、防水排水的设计、洞内路面及洞口设计等内容。最后介绍了施工要点。