荷兰可再生能源政策及其实践

介绍了荷兰政府为促进可再生能源发展而制订的法律、法规、目标、实施途径和实践。荷兰可再生能源大规模开发利用始于20世纪80年代，90年代末达到高峰。但由于政策的变化导致可再生能源研究、开发、生产和利用呈现下降趋势。随着欧洲一体化进程，荷兰重新修改制定了其能源政策以重振可再生能源产业。     

Demonstration projects and sustainable housing

Because of the complicated structure of the built environment, it is frequently difficult to obtain good results on sustainable development projects. In The Netherlands, the Dutch government have used a range of new steering instruments which have cleverly enabled innovation to take place within a market economy. This imaginative governmental process uses covenants, network management and above all, demonstration projects to assess the feasibility of innovation. The authors describe the process and consider examples from energy efficient and sustainable housing, highlighting the importance of clear targets.     

Collusion in the Dutch construction industry: An industrial organization perspective

Several investigations by parliament, cabinet, justice and antitrust authorities have shown a widespread use of cartels and structural bid rigging within the Dutch construction industry. The reputation of the Dutch construction industry has been dented with both the general public and clients. As a response, the Netherlands' parliamentary inquiry Committee on Construction Fraud adopted the guiding principle of ‘competition is good’ and urged the restoration of the proper functioning of the market. The proposed default approach to public sector procurement is design–bid–build with public tendering and selection of the lowest price. A concise overview of the investigations is provided, relating the collusions and their persistence to emerging insights from the field of industrial organization theory into underlying factors and causes. A tougher public sector procurement policy and the continued reliance on lowest bid prices may not contribute to the reform of the Dutch construction industry as intended. One-dimensional, price-oriented competition only provides a static, project-based efficiency. However, it neither addresses a number of organizational issues nor resolves the underlying pressures leading to collusion. An alternative approach allowing for a balance of competition and collaboration with a wider number of selection criteria variables would create a more dynamic, iterative competitive process over a longer timeframe and would develop an innovative, efficient and profitable industry. Although the inquiry committee acknowledges these new methods of procurement, it is expected that the overriding ambition to restore proper market function (through increased competition) will steer towards the more traditional procurement approaches.     

Dutch Housing Associations: Current Developments and Debates

In the Netherlands, social housing accounts for 37 per cent of the total stock, and as much as 75 per cent of the total rented stock. For observers from outside the Netherlands this seems an anachronism. The dominant institution within the Dutch social rented sector is the housing association: a private organisation, functioning within the public framework of the Housing Act. This paper puts forward an explanation of why the Netherlands' social housing sector is so large. An overview is provided of the social housing institutions at sector level, their effectiveness is evaluated, and questions on the efficiency of the housing associations are posed. Several variants for the future status of housing associations are assessed and the political choice made in 2000 by the Netherlands government is elucidated. Finally, there is a discussion about the recent proposals encouraging housing associations to opt out of the public system and some recommendations are formulated for the Dutch social housing sector. It is possible that these could provide a source of inspiration for housing politicians elsewhere in Europe.     

Collusion in the Dutch construction industry: An industrial organization perspective

Several investigations by parliament, cabinet, justice and antitrust authorities have shown a widespread use of cartels and structural bid rigging within the Dutch construction industry. The reputation of the Dutch construction industry has been dented with both the general public and clients. As a response, the Netherlands' parliamentary inquiry Committee on Construction Fraud adopted the guiding principle of 'competition is good' and urged the restoration of the proper functioning of the market. The proposed default approach to public sector procurement is design-bid-build with public tendering and selection of the lowest price. A concise overview of the investigations is provided, relating the collusions and their persistence to emerging insights from the field of industrial organization theory into underlying factors and causes. A tougher public sector procurement policy and the continued reliance on lowest bid prices may not contribute to the reform of the Dutch construction industry as intended. One-dimensional, price-oriented competition only provides a static, project-based efficiency. However, it neither addresses a number of organizational issues nor resolves the underlying pressures leading to collusion. An alternative approach allowing for a balance of competition and collaboration with a wider number of selection criteria variables would create a more dynamic, iterative competitive process over a longer timeframe and would develop an innovative, efficient and profitable industry. Although the inquiry committee acknowledges these new methods of procurement, it is expected that the overriding ambition to restore proper market function (through increased competition) will steer towards the more traditional procurement approaches.     

面向气候变化的绿色雨水基础设施设计——来自欧洲北部的经验

【目的】世界各国城市都面临着众多可能因气候变化而加剧的水问题。【方法/过程】聚焦丹麦、英国、荷兰3个受气候变化（尤其是洪水）强烈影响的欧洲北部国家,重点分析4个不同空间尺度的绿色雨水基础设施（green stormwater infrastructure, GSI）项目。这些项目是应对未来城市自然灾害和宜居性挑战的韧性解决方案的典范。之所以选择这些项目,是因为它们具有独特的创新性：如将主要机动车交通走廊更新为宜居、可步行的街区,在区域尺度创建多功能GSI以提供社会福利,利用分层种植、密集种植和生态美学的力量来产生生态系统服务等。【结果/结论】除分析项目设计外,进一步讨论促成这些项目实施及提升的关键因素,以及建成后提升公众认同和环境社会效益的关键因素。这些因素包括：对宜居性的重视、将城市更新和气候适应相结合的设计方法、跨机构合作、多重资金来源的利用,以及以扎实的公众参与获得对城市气候适应举措的支持。     

荷兰建筑百年——本土都市主义

近年来，荷兰制造的建筑引起了全世界的关注。尤其是后OMA事务所的作品，被认为是一个荷兰的浪潮——甚至被称作超级荷兰实用主义。但是所谓“荷兰的”，究竟与地理位置之外的哪些因素相关？这个位于欧洲西北且仅有1600万人口的临海小国有什么奇异的魔力吗？或者说，正如风格派和结构主义时期，一种特定的时间地点的组合与更大范围内的国际潮流的碰撞。促成了对建筑的一种新的态度。以及一批拥护者？本文即是对现今的发展之前荷兰建筑界发生的事情的简要回顾。     

The Governance of Local Urban Climate Adaptation: Towards Participation,Collaboration and Shared Responsibilities

This paper focuses on understanding the institutional determinants of adaptive capacity to illustrate emerging challenges and opportunities for climate adaptation in the context of urban pluvial flood risk management. The paper explores and compares the formal-legal as well as the perceived roles and responsibilities of key actor groups in the context of adaptation to urban pluvial flooding in the Dutch city Arnhem. The concluding section questions the assumed power of formal-legal rules and institutions in motivating key stakeholders to take action. It poses that, in order to stimulate participation and collaboration in local climate adaptation, more attention should be paid to the informal institutional context, in particular to the perception of responsibilities.     

流沙之上—-城市规划何去何从?

文章以城市规划学科的发展为时代语境,着重论述其在荷兰的城市实践历程,以此贯穿重要事件,解析关键人物,论述主要思潮,特别是以当代视角再度聚焦建筑师亨德里克·维杰德维德的理论和实践,揭示了他在城市规划学科诞生初期的贡献和作用.     

荷兰城市学博士教育经验 ——以代尔夫特理工大学为例

本文基于笔者在荷兰代尔夫特理工大学攻读硕士和博士的亲身体会,介绍了从申请 在该校读博、开题报告到毕业答辩整个过程中的经历和经验,特别是在开题报告和论文结构 中研究问题体系的建构,希望可以给有兴趣来荷兰或欧洲攻读博士学位的建筑或城市学专业 的学生一些有益的借鉴。