荷兰空间规划体系及其新动向

在西方主要国家的规划体系中,荷兰规划以管制性和综合性著称,在应对建设需求、平衡区域发展差异、土地利用控制、物质环境保护等方面起到了积极显著的成效,这些经验对于快速城镇化进程中人地矛盾突出的中国而言具有很高的借鉴价值。本文分析了荷兰规划体系的特点、制度基础和新动向,并以荷兰国家空间规划为例分析了荷兰规划演变的历程,以及在这个过程中出现的变化和调整,提出可供中国规划发展参考借鉴的内容。     

城市荒野景观及其营造策略：以荷兰 实践为例

在国际范围内荒野保护运动持续发展的同时,中国 的荒野保护体系正在稳步建立。但随着城市化进程的不断加 速,城市中自然荒野空间的开发是不可避免的。如何在不断扩 张的城市范围内尽可能保留与规划荒野景观,已经成为国内风 景园林设计师关注的问题。在梳理了城市荒野课题相关背景和 研究进展后,探索了荷兰的城市荒野实践经验,并选取3个不 同尺度和类型的代表性案例,分别对案例的项目背景、设计要 点和场地功能进行研究分析,进而提出自然优先、野性保护、 控制扰动和公众参与4点原则,并辩证地提取了可指导中国背 景下不同尺度城市荒野景观营造的策略,为构建中国荒野体系 提供了国际经验。     

荷兰生活质量指标体系及对我国的启示

荷兰是最早建立生活质量指标体系的欧洲国家之一，该体系凭借其丰富而全面的内容以及鲜明的特点证明了其宝贵的价值。文章在参考和借鉴荷兰生活质量指标体系的基础上，结合我国社会经济发展的现状，提出应围绕“以人为本、和谐社会、持续发展”的目标综合多领域、多学科优势，构建具有中国特色的生活质量指标体系。     

User Costs and Housing Expenses. Towards a more Comprehensive Approach to Affordability

Recently housing affordability has reached the agenda in Flanders and the Netherlands, giving a good reason to present a review of the concept of affordability and different definitions. The concept of short-term affordability, which is concerned with financial access to a dwelling and is based on cash flows, is combined with the concept of long-term affordability, which is about the costs of housing consumption. The use of these concepts is illustrated for Flanders and the Netherlands. They show that each concept has its own uses and that they are not interchangeable. However, both concepts indicate that in 2005 higher-income households, and especially homeowners (with a mortgage), were relatively better off than lower-income households, particularly renters. Homeowners' higher income levels on average more than compensate for their higher expenses in comparison with tenants; they also receive higher explicit subsidization and in times of rising prices they also receive expected returns on housing.     

Editorial

Though the British and Dutch approaches to disability in the construction sector exhibit common features, Britain tends towards a capabilities model compared with the Netherlands which is closer to a social model. The construction sector is considerably more regulated in the Netherlands but is in both countries highly disabling and exclusive. Sector‐specific disabling and enabling factors and policy measures were investigated in the two countries with a view to identifying which policies might facilitate labour market participation. The investigation was based on interviews using similar questionnaires with key stakeholders, firms and disabled employees and a focus group. Policy in each country addresses the nature of exclusion in different ways. The conclusion drawn is that a sector‐specific approach is needed if disability policy in Britain is to be more in tune with the social model—as apparent from the comparison with the Netherlands.     

Management of Redeveloped Industrial Areas with Mixed Use in The Netherlands

This paper, on the use of apartment rights for management of areas with mixed residential and commercial use in The Netherlands, presents the first results of a research project that started in 2008. Our conclusions so far are based on literature research and a limited number of interviews. The redevelopment of industrial areas involves two tasks: Development and management. On the one hand, apartment rights offer a very flexible system that may be adapted to suit various circumstances. On the other hand, it proved to be an inflexible instrument: Once the deed of division has been registered, it is rather difficult to change the complex and the charter determining the rights and duties of the apartment owners. We stress that lawyers should be involved in mixed use and multiple use of space projects from an early stage, in order to reach an optimal solution in the combination of both the physical and legal design and construction of the project. This is the concept of “juritecture.”     

Displaced but still Moving Upwards in the Housing Career? Implications of Forced Residential Relocation in the Netherlands

The housing stock is being restructured in many Dutch post-war neighbourhoods. Through demolition and upgrading of social rented housing and the construction of new owner occupied dwellings, the housing stock and the living environment are being improved. This policy has triggered major residential moves in and beyond some neighbourhoods, partly involuntary. Residents whose dwelling is being demolished or heavily upgraded, are usually forced to move elsewhere. Knowledge of the social implications of forced relocation in the Netherlands is limited, especially on experiences and opinions of relocated households. This paper covers research in two recently restructured neighbourhoods. Movers were recruited to share their experiences and opinions in focus groups and interviews. Surprisingly, many movers were able to improve their housing situation, mostly due to their priority rights in the housing market. However, movers who were less able to take advantage of these rights reported a certain degree of degradation. Moreover, it appears that relocation processes must still be improved in order to reduce stress and refine communication with residents.     

The search for the most eco-efficient strategies for sustainable housing construction; Dutch lessons

Although sustainability plays anincreasingly important role in common buildingpractice, there is very little known about theenvironmental benefits of sustainable housingconstruction. This paper presents a frameworkfor the search for the most eco-efficientstrategies for sustainable housing constructionand discusses the environmental benefits ofDutch sustainable housing construction. Twoquestions are answered: which goals regardingthe environmental benefits of Dutch sustainablehousing construction are currently feasible andwhat are the most eco-efficient strategies tofurther improve the environmental performanceof housing? Environmental benefits arecalculated by means of sets of measurescomposed by confronting priorities forreduction of the environmental impacts ofhouses with seven strategies for sustainablehousing construction. For the calculationsEco-Quantum is used. A traditionally builtterraced house is used as a reference point. Itturns out that goals such as `Factor 4' or`Factor 20' are still far from being achievedand that the prolongation of life spans andimprovement of reusability are the mosteco-efficient strategies. However, otherstrategies also need to be applied, becausethese two strategies carry large uncertainties.Sustainable housing construction may not beenough in itself to meet very high targets.Reflection on our way of living is alsorequired.     

Solutions You Cannot Draw

For Markus Braach , co-founder of architectural software consultancy Adaptive Architecture, an initial interest in genetic algorithms in the 1990s evolved into working on the generative simulations of historic cities that had developed organically over time, and then on to real urban planning projects with Kees Christiaanse Architects and Planners(KCAP). Here he describes how an emphasis on a purely bottom-up approach, which was characteristic of his earlier work and drew him to the field, has since been replaced in his practice by a greater emphasis on traditional spatial planning and usability.     

Redesigning Domesticity: Creating Homes for the Elderly

Sally Stewart , Deputy Head of the Mackintosh School of Architecture at the Glasgow School of Art, highlights how nurturing a sense of ‘home’ can be a key ingredient in the creation of successful accommodation for the elderly and those with dementia. What, however, sets a ‘home’ apart from mere housing provision, and how can architects engender it? Stewart looks at some recent projects in the UK, Japan and the Netherlands in search of the answer.