The Role of an Independent Netherlands Laboratory in the Trade and Industry of Edible Oils and Fats（网络首发、推荐阅读）

在食用油脂贸易中,独立实验室主要负责货物质量检测。在装卸时对货物样品进行采样,随后按照合同约定的质量条款及分析方法进行测试。独立实验室由贸易组织认定,并且每年评估其检验资质。此外,基于贸易国和国际法规的强制要求,农药残留等污染物的分析检测需求日益增加。独立实验室应配备最先进的仪器,采用最新的分析方法,以满足低水平污染物的检测需求。综述荷兰独立实验室概况、油脂贸易协定中约定的检测指标、重要品质参数、重点污染物（包括农药残留、多环芳烃、矿物油、塑化剂、二英、氯丙醇等）以及三大类指标的分析方法,以期为读者呈现国际标准化组织（ISO）和欧盟（EU）等组织对油脂贸易中货物质量的品质控制和技术进展,为促进技术交流提供参考。     

On Priority and Progress: Forced Residential Relocation and Housing Chances in Haaglanden,the Netherlands

There is a wide interest in the effects of forced relocation in the context of urban restructuring. This interest is also inspired by debates on gentrification and displacement. The prevailing idea is that the lowest income groups particularly suffer from displacement in terms of their housing quality and increased rents. In addition, increasing proportions of forced movers are assumed to harm the housing opportunities of other house seekers, while competing within the social rented sector. Although several studies deal with the consequences of forced relocation, a broader perspective on housing chances is currently lacking. Moreover, most studies are qualitative, whereas a larger-scale quantitative analysis is needed to test assumptions mentioned above. This paper addresses these matters by analysing housing allocation data of the Haaglanden in the Netherlands and two cross-sectional surveys among forced movers in the region's central city, The Hague. Findings indicate that housing chances for both forced and regular house seekers have not declined substantially since 2000. Moreover, most forced movers experienced dwelling progress, partly thanks to the design of the housing allocation model. However, low-educated, as well as middle- and higher-income households less often report dwelling progress. Explanations for these findings are provided.     

荷兰水务管理及启示

介绍了荷兰的概况,概述了荷兰的水务管理,其中包括水务管理机构、水量管理、水质管理、防洪护堤、资金来源,给出了对我国水管理的4点启示.     

Condensation of a binary vapour mixture in the presence of an inert gas

The simultaneous heat and mass transfer process during condensation of a binary vapour mixture in the presence of a non-condensable gas is analysed using matrix formulations of the interfacial mass transfer rate relations. A film model for multicomponent mass transfer based on an exact solution to the Maxwell-Stefan equations is used to calculate the mass transfer coefficients in the ternary vapour phase. With the aid of a computational example involving condensation of methanol and water vapours in the presence of air, it is demonstrated that diffusional interactions can significantly affect condensation rates.     

Architect's and consultant's quality management system

Striving for certification has proved to be a good way of keeping quality programmes going despite the inevitable difficulties, modifications and adjustments needed to be taken with the MKA-matrix.     

Non-profit Housing Influencing,Leading and Dominating the Unitary Rental Market: Three Case Studies

The distinction between dual rental systems and unitary rental markets is refined and developed. In particular, unitary rental markets are defined as markets in which barriers to non-profit providers competing on the rental market are removed, reserving the term ‘integrated rental markets’ for markets in which non-profit providers are sufficiently developed to be able to compete without the need for invasive regulation. The study also develops the distinction made in previous work between markets in which non-profit providers influence, lead and dominate the market. Case studies are then presented: Switzerland, where non-profit renting is weakly influencing, Sweden where it is leading, and the Netherlands where it is dominating. It is concluded that while in both the Netherlands and Sweden there is evidence of continual deregulation consistent with a tendency from unitary to integrated markets, there is no evidence of consistent change in that direction and even signs of some retrograde changes.     

Rural living in city and countryside: Demand and supply in the Netherlands

Rural living has great appeal among urban residents in the Netherlands. It echoes the rural idyll. Furthermore, there is a demand for rural living in or near urban areas, in the so-called pseudo-countryside. This paper investigates the demand for rural living. In addition, this paper seeks to find out how and to what extent suppliers in the housing market accommodate that demand. Besides building rural residential environments, suppliers try to influence preferences for rural housing through marketing techniques. Where possible, developers build certain types of houses for which they know there is a demand, as that yields the highest profits. Yet the supply of rural residential environments does not meet the demand. The tension between the two components can partly be explained by restrictive government policies. The creation of a pseudo-countryside, a residential environment with the characteristics of the countryside but not located there, might be a compromise.     

Controlling growth of Streptococcus faecium in a ham model with heat and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, tertiary butylhydroquinone or nisin

The study described in this paper was designed to test the effect of heat and EDTA, TBHQ or nisin on the stability of a ham model with regard to Streptococcus faecium. Comminuted ham tissue containing brine and test ingredients was inoculated with two strains of Str. faecium and heated for 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min at 68·9°C. Growth was followed during incubation at 7°C and 37°C. In combination with heating at 68·9°C for 30 min, a stable (180 days 7°C) model was obtained by adding (ppm): 400, EDTA; 1000, TBHQ or 20, nisin. EDTA and nisin seem promising compounds for enhancing the stability of pasteurized ham with regard to Str. faecium.     

Let’s bring in the floods: de-poldering in the Netherlands as a strategy for long-term delta survival?

Controlled flooding, while heavily contested, is being experimented with in the Dutch delta as a new and ecologically oriented strategy to deal with floods, in contrast to the conventional flood prevention paradigm. The Noordwaard project (2012–15) represents an exemplary case. At the expense of agricultural practices, land is set aside occasionally to accommodate river floods, while restored flood and tidal dynamics aim to benefit nature development. It is argued that although controlled flooding aims to restore historical land and water dynamics in the area, the role of sedimentation processes has remained largely unaddressed in relation to shaping long-term delta futures.     

A method to analyse neighbourhood characteristics of land use patterns

Neighbourhood interactions between land use types are often included in the spatially explicit analysis of land use change. Especially in the context of urban growth, neighbourhood interactions are often addressed both in theories for urban development and in dynamic models of (urban) land use change. Neighbourhood interactions are one of the main driving factors in a large group of land use change models based on cellular automata (CA).This paper introduces a method to analyse the neighbourhood characteristics of land use. For every location in a rectangular grid the enrichment of the neighbourhood by specific land use types is studied. An application of the method for the Netherlands indicates that different land use types have clearly distinct neighbourhood characteristics. Land use conversions can be explained, for a large part, by the occurrence of land uses in the neighbourhood.The neighbourhood characterization introduced in this paper can help to further unravel the processes of land use change allocation and assist in the definition of transition rules for cellular automata and other land use change models.