旋风分离器减阻杆减阻的PIV实验研究

采用先进的PIV实验技术对Stairmand型旋风分离器中安装减阻杆前后的强湍流场进行了测量。通过速度场、湍流强度、Reynolds应力等物理量的对比分析,表明减阻杆降低了中心涡核区的旋转动能和湍流强度。对减阻杆减阻机理进行了更深入的探讨。     

Effect of Cylinder Rotation on Flow Characteristics of the Annular Region in Annular Centrifugal Extractor

The flow patterns in the annular region of a 50 mm annular centrifugal extractor (ACE) were studied using phase particle image velocimetry (PIV), by which the distributions of radial velocity, axial velocity, vorticity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and micromixing time of a fluid under different rotating Reynolds numbers were investigated. In the center of the annular region, both the radial and axial velocities of the fluid are close to zero, regardless of the rotating Reynolds number changes. The TKE of the fluid along the radial direction is small at center and large on the edge. The results show that the mixing process mainly occurs at the region near the outer cylinder’s sidewall, and the mixing time in this region is less than that in the internal annular region. Besides, the whole mixing efficiency is proportional to the rotational speed when the speed is below a certain level, and then gradually reaches a plateau when the speed is further increased.     

Assessment of k–ε models using tetrahedral grids to describe the turbulent flow field of a PBT impeller and validation through the PIV technique

In turbulence modeling, the RNG and Realizable models have important improvements in the turbulent production and dissipation terms in comparison to the Standard. The selection of the appropriate turbulence model has an impact on the convergence and solution in STRs, and they are used in mixing, multiphase modeling or as starting solution of transient models as DES and LES. Although there are several studies with the pitched blade turbine(PBT) impeller, most of them used the Standard model as representative of all k–ε models, using structured hexahedral grids composed of low number of cells, and in some cases under axial symmetry assumptions.Accordingly, in this work the assessment of the Standard, RNG and Realizable models to describe the turbulent flow field of this impeller, using the Multiple Reference Frame(MRF) and Sliding Mesh(SM) approaches with tetrahedral domains in dense grids, is presented. This kind of cell elements is especially suitable to reproduce complex geometries. Flow velocities and turbulent parameters were verified experimentally by PIV and torque measurements. The three models were capable of predicting fairly the pumping number, the power number based on torque, and velocities. Although the RNG improved the predictions of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate, the Realizable model presented better performance for both approaches. All models failed in the prediction of the total dissipation rate, and a dependence of its value on the number of cells for the MRF was found.     

On the fluid dynamics of shaken bioreactors— flow characterization and transition

Phase‐resolved PIV measurements were carried out to provide a thorough characterization of the flow and mixing dynamics occurring in a cylindrical shaken bioreactor when operating conditions such as medium height h, shaking rotational speed N, orbital shaking diameter d_o, and cylinder inner diameter d_i, are varied. A scaling law based on the aspect ratio h/d_i, on the orbital to cylinder diameter ratio d_o/d_i, and on the Froude number Fr = 2(πN)²d_o/g, is derived to predict the incipience of flow transition occurring when the free surface orientation starts to exhibit a phase delay to the shaker table position along its orbit; depending on the combination of Fr, d_o/d_i and h/d_i the transport phenomena in the bioreactor are controlled by a horizontal toroidal vortex, or by a vertical one precessing around the cylinder axis. The free surface interfacial area was directly measured by image analysis to assess oxygen transfer potential and compared to an analytical solution valid for low Fr. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 334–344, 2013     

高速PIV布撒技术的改进研究

基于上海交通大学高超创新实验室现有技术,为发展高速PIV技术而改进开发了高速PIV粒子布撒系统。针对原有系统经常无法有效布撒粒子的缺陷,从系统中的管道、高压气体、喷嘴等几个方向下手进行改造,设计了新的高速PIV粒子布撒系统。对管道进行了软管化设计,高压气体采用干燥的氮气,喷嘴则设计成能在罐体中产生旋流的结构。对于这些改造进行了分析和实验测试,证明了这些改造能加强布撒粒子的效果。最后提出了这套系统可以继续改进的一些方向。     

Instability due to Viscosity Stratification Downstream of a Centerline Injector

A common injector geometry upstream of a static mixer is the centerline injector. A flow instability can arise due to viscosity differences between the injected core‐flow and the outer co‐flow. This instability can adversely affect the effectiveness of the mixing operation. An experimental investigation of miscible viscosity‐stratified flow in a circular geometry was performed using Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The experimental results for the stable region agree with the analytical results. The unstable region exhibits different modes depending on the viscosity ratio, volume flux ratio, and Reynolds number. The modes include wavy core‐flow with fissures and wavy core‐flow with core breakup. The time‐averaged experiment velocity profiles for the unstable core indicate a broadening of the jet at the centerline, which is consistent with the LIF visualization.     

Effects of particle concentration and size on the dissipation rate and turbulent kinetic energy of oil

The presence of particles in oil can change the quasi-sequence structure of the turbulent flow of the oil, and it is extremely important to explore the turbulent energy dissipation rate of the particulate-containing oil and ensure the safe and stable operation of the oil-using equipment. Thus, the flow field of the oil containing particles in the pipeline was experimentally studied by a particle image velocimeter (PIV); the turbulent kinetic energy of the oil was calculated using the transient velocity vector field measured by the PIV; and the dissipation rate distribution was calculated using the large eddy PIV method. The influence of different particle sizes and particle concentrations on the normal distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate was analyzed. The results show that the distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy in the normal direction is non-unidirectional and in a parabolic shape. The 25 μm particle size has a great influence on the turbulence kinetic energy and the dissipation rate of the oil; with increasing particle concentration, the flow field distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy increases in the region near the wall, and gradually decreases in the central region. The turbulent kinetic energy distribution of the oil is in the shape of a quasi-cosine; the flow field of the dissipation rate is larger in the near-wall region and the central region and shows an inverted ‘W’ shape. This provides a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of oil transportation, discussing the monitoring of particulate matter in oil, and reducing oil pollution.     

Measurements of granular flows in two-dimensional hoppers by particle image velocimetry. Part I: experimental method and results

The objective of the present investigation was to test the applicability of particle image velocimetry (PIV), which is normally used for measuring velocities in liquids or gases, to measurement of velocities in granular flow. A second objective was to use PIV to provide experimental data for comparison with mathematical models. The flow of zinc particles, of size 0.4, 0.61 and 0.76 mm size, in a flat-bottomed two-dimensional hopper was measured by PIV. The particles were characterized using ASTM procedures for angle of repose, packing density and flow rate through a funnel. Through PIV, velocities and mass flow rates were determined for exit apertures 5 and 7.5 mm in width and 10, 30 and 50 mm long. The bed of particles in the hopper showed the expected stagnant zones on either side of the aperture. There was a continual avalanche of particles at the “V’’ which forms at the surface of the bed and some images of this avalanche, obtained with a boroscope, are included.     

A PIV study of hydrodynamics in gas-liquid high throughput experimentation (HTE) reactors with eccentric impeller configurations

High-throughput experimentation (HTE) is used for the screening of novel catalyst formulations via miniature agitated gas-liquid reactors with vessel volumes of an order of magnitude below the laboratory scale. An investigation of the macroscopic hydrodynamic performance of a miniaturised unbaffled stirred vessel of diameter 45 mm for an air-water system has been carried out at gassing rates of 0.25 and 0.5 vvm (dispersed flow regime) using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Measurements of bubble size and gas hold-up were also made. Eccentric agitation was employed as a means of breaking solid body rotation within the vessel, using a 6-blade, up-pumping pitched blade turbine. The gas phase was introduced via sintered glass panel spargers mounted in the vessel base. Two different configurations were used: firstly where the sparger located directly below the impeller, and secondly where the sparger was located opposite the impeller on the other side of the vessel. Measured distributions of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) for both gassed configurations were similar and showed significant differences to the ungassed case. Estimates of the gas-liquid interfacial area were at least 2-3 times higher than those found in conventional, lab-scale baffled vessels; this was attributed to the creation of very small bubbles at the sparger ().     

基于PIV技术的七喷嘴气化炉流场研究

为研究七喷嘴气化炉的流场分布,建立了顶置七喷嘴气化冷模试验装置,采用激光粒子成像测速系统(PIV)在气化炉的上部、中部及下部视窗进行了流场测试,比较分析了颗粒流量、分散风流量对气化炉流场的影响。结果表明,在颗粒流量20~150 kg/h,分散风流量740~880 m3/h的工艺条件下,气化炉上部流场呈现自由射流特点,射流长度为40 cm,平均射流速度为25 m/s,中下部流场则以返混区为主,流速在8 m/s以下;颗粒流量增大会使得最大射流速度由40 m/s降低至15 m/s,且气化炉上部射流粒子束的径向脉动增强,造成射流弥散;分散风流量增大使得最大射流速度由25 m/s增至35 m/s,射流长度无明显变化。颗粒流量和分散风流量对流场的影响主要体现在气化炉上部,对中下部流场的影响逐渐减弱。