大载重量防爆载货电梯的设计与开发

介绍了大载重量防爆载货电梯设计开发过程中对部件的设计计算（包括对悬挂绳安全系数、曳引力．轿厢架结构．导轨的设计计算）对爆炸性环境用非电气设备（包括防爆制动器．减速箱,防爆安全钳、防爆导靴和防爆夹绳器）作了点燃危险评定,从而验证了该型号防爆载货电梯具有可靠的安全性能和良好的运行性能,     

Endotoxin levels in settled airborne dust in European schools: the HITEA school study

Indoor exposure to microbial agents is known to influence respiratory health. Besides home exposure, exposure in schools can affect respiratory health. In this study, we measured endotoxin in settled dust in primary schools in three European countries from three different geographical regions with different climates. Our aim was to characterize endotoxin levels in primary schools and evaluate associations with potential determinants. Endotoxin levels were repeatedly assessed in 23 schools in Spain (n = 7), the Netherlands (n = 10), and Finland (n = 6) using electrostatic dustfall collectors. In total, 645 measurements were taken in 237 classrooms. Endotoxin levels differed significantly between countries; Dutch schools had the highest levels, while Finnish schools showed the lowest levels. In each country, differences in endotoxin levels were observed between schools and over the sampling periods. Estimates improved after adjustment for sampling period. Factors affecting endotoxin levels in a school differed per country. In general, endotoxin levels were higher in lower grades and in classrooms with higher occupancy. School endotoxin levels may contribute significantly to total endotoxin exposure in children and teachers. As the correlation between the repeated measurements is reasonable, single endotoxin measurements form a reasonable basis for estimating annual endotoxin levels in schools.     

Quantifying life safety Part II: Quantification of fire protection systems

In part I of the paper, an assembly building was analyzed in order to compute the failure probabilities, and thus the safety level, of current code-compliant buildings. In this second part, various fire protection systems are modeled within the fire and egress simulations in order to quantify their magnitude of impact. Since all fire protection systems can fail to perform as designed on demand, the potential failure along with its probability is accounted for in an event tree analysis. Comparing the resulting failure probabilities of the performance-based analyses with and without fire protection systems yields information about the magnitude of impact of the fire protection systems on the level of safety and hence allows a direct, objective, and quantitative comparison to other systems and designs. Accounting for the cost of the systems, a direct cost–benefit analysis can be conducted.     

An evaluation tool for design quality: PFI sheltered housing

The complex procurement process entailed by the private finance initiative (PFI) means that clients need new capacities to manage their relationships with bidders and to assess project proposals if the desired level of design quality is to be achieved. To assist local authorities in their client role, a new Architectural Design Quality Evaluation Tool was developed. The aim was to improve the quality of design in residential sheltered housing, procured through the PFI. The tool was developed for and applied to a programme that will see the replacement of a local authority's entire sheltered housing stock. The tool has two functions: (1) to inform the client's assessment process and assist with the selection of the preferred bidding consortium through a series of stages in the PFI process; and (2) to improve the quality of all the submitted designs through an iterative process. Although several existing mechanisms are available for evaluating the performance attributes of buildings, few also tackle the less tangible amenity attributes, which are vital to the feeling of home. The new tool emphasizes the amenity attributes without neglecting performance.     

Performance Measurement Innovation in English Planning Authorities

Much scholarly and practical policy work has been carried out in recent years on evidence-based policy making and measurement-based performance management. Yet research on performance measurement in spatial planning is still rare. The ‘Best Value’ performance management framework imposed by the UK central government has precipitated a flurry of initiatives amongst English local planning authorities. This article reports on innovations in performance measurement amongst some of these local authorities, reviewing the objectives and mechanisms of measurement, as well as the drivers and inhibitors of measurement behaviour. The research reflects a nationally fragmented picture of measurement and uneven innovation within and amongst authorities, but highlights a number of initiatives that show promise as the basis upon which to develop a more holistic framework for measurement in the future, both in the UK and elsewhere.     

Performance assessment of water supply and wastewater systems

This paper addresses the issue of performance assessment in water and wastewater systems by reviewing two of the tools that are available to the companies operating in this field: systems of performance indicators and technical performance assessment through simulation. The paper focuses on a technical performance evaluation framework and its application to wastewater systems. The assessment is carried out through the application of utility functions to the network's elements, and the production of performance-oriented graphs that yield concise and informative views about the system's behaviour. Two case studies involving a combined sewer system and a separate domestic system are presented in order to illustrate the method.     

Probabilistic environmental risk assessment of urban wet-weather discharges: an approach developed for Switzerland

Technical solutions aimed at limiting the impacts of urban wet-weather discharges are historically based on an end-of-pipe approach. The characteristics of wet-weather discharges, e.g. intermittent pollution loads, high variations in pollutant concentrations, effects in the receiving waters, etc., are generally not considered. This study presents a new probabilistic approach that links the characteristics of wet-weather discharges to their potential impacts in receiving waters. This new approach involves coupling a model for predicting fluctuating concentrations in rivers along with sediment changes to water quality criteria. The new approach produces a risk profile for receiving waters and includes assessment of uncertainty in input data as well as the uncertainty inherent in local receiving system processes. This new approach is expected to offer a better management of wet-weather discharges, resulting in lower environmental impacts.     

Embedding social inclusiveness and appropriateness in engineering assessment of green infrastructure to enhance urban resilience

ABSTRACT

Urban resilience emerges not only from ‘what’ is done in relation to critical infrastructure systems, but in the ‘how’ of their conception, co-creation and integration into complex socio-ecological-technical systems. For green infrastructure, where ownership and agency may be distributed amongst organisations and diverse communities, inclusiveness and appropriateness require embedding in engineering assessments of green infrastructure and resilience. Through consideration of past, present and future engineering and resilience assessments – from monetising, through greening, to humanising – this paper examines the ways in which GI may be or has already contributed to enhancing urban resilience and types of assessment and indicators that have been or could be used. We suggest that enhancing visibility of the ‘whos’ (individuals, communities) is crucial to fully diversifying assessments. We also suggest some ideas for additional indicators and assert that co-production of future indicators needs to be undertaken with appropriate professionals (e.g. social impact assessment professionals).     

Direct displacement-based assessment with nonlinear soil–structure interaction for multi-span reinforced concrete bridges

A practical and readily implementable seismic assessment procedure for multi-span reinforced concrete bridges is introduced in this paper. The procedure is based on an existing direct displacement-based assessment (DDBA) approach, and accounts for nonlinear dynamic soil–structure interaction (NLSSI) effects. Several simplified bridge structures lying on shallow foundations have been used as application examples. The validation has been done by comparing DDBA+NLSSI with the results of finite-element nonlinear time-history simulations by means of incremental dynamic analysis. Moreover, the influence of NLSSI on the assessment procedure has been evaluated by considering the same bridges with fixed base and with NLSSI effects. In spite of its simplicity that presently prevents its use for complex bridge structures, the proposed procedure is found to provide fast and reliable results, useful to give a first-level screening on a large set of bridges for highlighting the most critical situations, as well as to carry out fast parametric analyses to produce fragility curves in the framework of performance-based vulnerability/risk assessment.     

Regional loss estimation due to hurricane wind and hurricane-induced surge considering climate variability

This paper presents a framework to assess the potential hurricane damage risks to residential construction. Studies show that hurricane wind, frequency and/or hurricane-induced surge may change as a result of climate change; therefore, hurricane risk assessments should be capable of accounting for the impacts climate change. The framework includes a hurricane wind field model, hurricane-induced surge height model and hurricane vulnerability models. Three case study locations (Miami-Dade County, FL; New Hanover County, NC and Galveston County, TX) are presented for two types of analyses: annual regional loss estimation and event-based regional loss estimation. Demographic information, such as median house value and changes in house numbers, and distribution of houses for different exposures, is used to estimate the time-dependent probability of damage with or without possible climate change-induced change in wind speed, frequency and/or surge height. Through both analyses, it was found that climate change may have a significant impact on regional hurricane damage losses.