浅谈西班牙中型城市绿色基础设施战略如何为公众健康带来福祉：拉科鲁尼亚案例分析

绿色基础设施建设是一个强大的多尺度规划战略,它在全球范围内正以迅猛之势蓬勃发展,并形成了一个能够带来多种利益的复杂系统（法布士,1995;兹欧拉斯,2007,等）,包括公众的健康与福利。证据表明,它能提高生活质量,改善心理健康问题,增加幸福感。在这一战略中,绿色基础设施的选址、大小、质量以及可达性对于公众健康的改善有至关重要的作用。西班牙的拉科鲁尼亚市是一个高密度中型城市,这一案例值得人们关注。关于该市现状及新总体规划的研究阐明了应该如何通过运用景观生态原则来改善绿色规划、增加其带来的尤其是关于公众健康的利益。以SWOT研究为基础,本文将对该案例的不足进行解释说明,并思考其在绿色基础设施战略、实施过程以及设计方案中的影响。目前,已有众多研究突出了在类似于拉科鲁尼亚市的密集城市中整合与实施这些规划战略的必要性,因为它们能够改善公众健康,生活质量与景观,并作为一个有竞争力的全球优势发挥作用。本研究将阐述区域性规划在增强城市网络（西班牙北部）的空间连续性,继而将其开放至大西洋方面的必要性。     

起步 合作式多学科的框架流程式教学

在卡尔·斯坦尼茨的景观规划和设计教学框架流程中,作为主要成果的＂改变模型＂的起步阶段是最艰难也是最重要的。在简述其教学框架流程的基本内容和使用方式之后,介绍了百慕大和墨西哥泰波兹特兰两个设计课题的教学过程,最后讨论了教学中团队合作的角色分工问题。     

Colonial Irrigation: Myths of Emptiness

This paper examines the role of public art in urban redevelopment, focusing on the reconstruction of Coventry (UK) in the post-war years. Overseen by the city's Chief Architect, Donald Gibson, this redevelopment has often been described as resulting in a placeless and artless urban landscape indistinguishable from other redeveloped city centres in post-war Britain. To the contrary, here it is suggested that public art was an important feature of Coventry's new urban landscape, with the attempt to create a new civic identity manifest in a series of highly symbolic and distinctive public artworks. Analysing both the official symbolism of these artworks and their reception in the public sphere, it is concluded that, although just one aspect of the urban landscape, the production and consumption of public art encapsulated the tensions that existed between different visions of the city.     

Implementing a multiskilled workforce

Recent studies show the construction industry in the USA is facing a long term labour shortage. Multiskilling has been suggested as a strategy to address this issue by utilizing existing workers more efficiently. Multiskilling decreases the number of workers hired for a project and can improve productivity. Additional benefits include higher income and increased employability of the workforce. To take full advantage of these benefits, the workforce strategy and the planning and scheduling processes of a construction project must be adapted to use multiskilling effectively and efficiently. The multiskilled workforce should be scheduled and organized to maximize the duration of employment for workers, reduce the overall labour requirements and cover the skills combinations required by the project. This research synthesizes and formalizes the methods that successful construction companies are currently applying to implement a multiskilled workforce. A methodology for implementing multiskilling is outlined as well.     

Scheduling of deconstruction projects under resource constraints

In many countries a large part of the building stock will have to be maintained, renovated, rehabilitated or even removed in the next few decades. Although profitability will be one of the major requirements to be met when these works are carried out, there will be more and more emphasis on the environmental requirements to be respected. To make the modernization of the building stock more efficient, dismantling with the aim of producing high quality recycling materials at reasonable costs is a promising approach. This paper presents an integrated approach to deconstruction site management that focuses on both economic and environmental goals. As a first step, material flow management aims at the closed-loop recycling of various construction materials. In a second step, resource constrained project planning models are used to evaluate strategies for optimized deconstruction site management. The approach offers high flexibility and can be adapted readily to different conditions. Results show that time and cost for deconstruction can be reduced by more than 50%, together with recycling quotas of more than 90%. Even when resources are strictly limited or when strong budget and time restrictions have to be respected, tremendous improvements in deconstruction site management can be achieved.     

Effective construction planning

This paper examines the relationships between construction planning efforts and construction planning effectiveness. The influence of the project's environment and organizational characteristics of construction firms on planning efforts and planning effectiveness is also investigated. A sample of 26 building projects was studied and the results were analysed using simple correlations. Three factors were found to have a significant effect on improving construction planning effectiveness: increases in planning time prior to commencement of work on site, the extent to which emphasis is placed on the determination of construction methods during construction planning and the frequency of revision of construction plans after commencement of work on site. Significant relationships were also found between project environment variables and organizational characteristics of construction firms and planning efforts and planning effectiveness. Implications of the results are that construction planners should systematically evaluate alternative plans, sufficient time should be allowed for proper planning, thorough reviews are needed whilst work is in progress, the planning effort needs to be relevant to the environmental context of the project and the firm should be appropriately organized. Suggestions are given for future research studies.     

Construction delay analysis techniques

Construction projects continue to suffer delays. Things go wrong and the project's completion date gets pushed back, with someone to be blamed for it. In practice, attempts are made to identify the causes of delays and schedules are modified to incorporate revised duration and new project time. The analysis itself is usually complex and can be aided by a computerized approach. This paper discusses different delay analysis techniques that are currently used by practitioners in the construction industry. It also discusses a proposed new delay analysis technique called the Isolated Delay Type (IDT). These techniques were tested against a case example and their strengths and weaknesses highlighted. The new technique can be used as a standalone module for delay analysis or could be incorporated within a computer system for construction delay analysis and claims preparation called Computerized Delay Claims Analysis (CDCA) that integrates different software including an expert system and management software such as scheduling and a database or spreadsheet.     

Ecological Landscape Planning: A gaming approach in education

An understanding of the complex problems of land-use competition requires an appreciation of natural processes, cultural values, economic imperatives and political agendas. This integrated understanding is an important component of the study programme for higher education students seeking a professional qualification in landscape architecture. A repertoire of game templates is introduced as an initial step in formulating a conceptual framework for the curriculum/games designer to explore the potential of play in ecological landscape planning. The concepts of social action space, permissible action space and motivational action space are used to investigate the qualities of each template for further game design development. The abstraction of these concepts may assist the designer to move beyond the usability of games into viewing their value as a learning method.     

Australia's housing choices: Retrospect and prospect

This article identifies issues around the Auckland Region's strategy for urban intensification and discusses the ensuing policy implications. Medium density housing forms an important element of the strategy for growth management. Implications for its success are primarily drawn from research into a major housing development in Waitakere City. It is argued that for ideological, political and technical reasons the strategy could be easily undermined. The article also suggests that something of a paradigm shift is underway in urban planning.     

Quality control and due diligence in project management: Getting decisions right by taking the outside view

This paper explores how theories of the planning fallacy and the outside view may be used to conduct quality control and due diligence in project management. First, a much-neglected issue in project management is identified, namely that the front-end estimates of costs and benefits – used in the business cases, cost–benefit analyses, and social and environmental impact assessments that typically support decisions on projects – are commonly significantly different from actual ex post costs and benefits, and are therefore poor predictors of the actual value and viability of projects. Second, it is discussed how Kahneman and Tversky's theories of the planning fallacy and the outside view may help explain and remedy this situation through quality control of decisions. Third, it is described what quality control and due diligence are in the context of project management, and an eight-step procedure is outlined for due diligence based on the outside view. Fourth, the procedure is tested on a real-life, multibillion-dollar project, organized as a public–private partnership. Finally, Akerlof and Shiller's recent discussion in economics of “firing the forecaster” is discussed together with its relevance to project management. In sum, the paper demonstrates the need, the theoretical basis, a practical methodology, and a real-life example for how to de-bias project management using quality control and due diligence based on the outside view.