Groundwater Utilization and Management in the State of Kuwait

Abstract

The main brackish groundwater resources in the State of Kuwait are the groundwater located in the Kuwait Group and the Dammam limestone aquifers. Most of the groundwater used in the State of Kuwait is for irrigation, some part of it is used for domestic purposes and for small scale industries. Since rainfall is seasonal and is less than the annual evaporation, the recharge from rainfall is negligible. Water levels in both the aquifers are highly affected by the pumping rate from each well. The groundwater is extracted heavily resulting in decline of water levels and the deterioration of groundwater quality though there is underflow from Saudi Arabia. Improvement of the groundwater management is essential for maintaining long-term productivity of the aquifers in the State of Kuwait.     

The Mahomet Aquifer

Abstract

Emerging intrastate transboundary issues focus on use of the Mahomet aquifer, which underlies about fifteen counties and many other political entities in east-central Illinois. This sand and gravel aquifer in the lower part of the buried Mahomet Bedrock Valley ranges between four and fourteen miles wide and from about 50 to 200 feet thick. Much of the region's rural population, several large communities, and many small towns obtain water from the Mahomet aquifer, as do industrial, agricultural, and commercial users. Increased development of the Mahomet aquifer to meet growing demands for water has caused conflicts over real or perceived adverse effects. One result has been the creation of fifteen resource protection zones and twelve water authorities. For groundwater supplies, resource protection zones help municipalities protect water-supply wells from potential adverse impacts. Many resource protection zones overlap one another, however, so this situation could lead to disputes over use of the resource. The reason that several of the twelve water authorities were organized was to meet a challenge perceived from a demand to be placed on the aquifer, in other words, a potential for conflict of use. Complicating the situation is that some of the water authorities overlap the resource protection zones. This could lead to disputes not only about water use, but also over which jurisdiction has the authority to settle a dispute. The Mahomet Aquifer Consortium was recently organized by concerned people representing diverse groundwater interests at the local level, including the private sector, professional organizations, and various governmental units. The consortium brings together representatives of some groups that typically did not communicate with each other in the past. The consortium may provide a forum through which emerging transboundary issues pertaining to use of the Mahomet aquifer can be addressed. Because the consortium is a voluntary organization that relies on consensus building, the success it may achieve in resolving future conflicts over groundwater use from the Mahomet aquifer remains to be seen.     

安阳市地下水应急供水水源评估研究

以安阳市平原区为例,根据水均衡原理,利用当年汛期末浅层地下水位埋深和汛期降雨量以及汛期前地下水补给量等信息,建立安阳市平原区基于数值模拟模型的枯季地下水可开采量（可供水量）实时预报模型。研究结果可为区域地下水水源评估提供参考。     

The political economy of metering agricultural tube wells in West Bengal,India

Unmetered electricity supply to agriculture has given rise to a unique and invidious water–energy–food nexus in India. Metering of agricultural consumers has been suggested as a way to break the nexus, but most states have not been able to meter farmers due to their opposition . The only exception is the state of West Bengal. Using primary data from a household survey conducted in 2010 when the metering process was still underway, this paper argues that farmers’ support for metering in West Bengal can be explained in terms of the economics of groundwater use and politics surrounding agriculture and groundwater in the state.     

西辽河流域平原区地下水动态补给研究

基于分布式水循环模拟模型MODCYCLE,建立强人类活动影响下西辽河流域水循环模拟模型,量化西辽河平原地下水补给组成,分析地下水动态补给情况及年际、年内变化。分析结果表明：西辽河流域平原区地下水补给以降水入渗补给为主,与年降水量直接相关。随降水减少,降水入渗补给比重减少,河道入渗补给及灌溉回归补给比重增加。地下水补给的年内变化差异较大,且与年内降水分布直接相关。研究结果可为西辽河平原地下水资源可持续开发利用提供依据     

滨海侵蚀性环境对混凝土的腐蚀试验研究

总结了地下水对混凝土的腐蚀作用机理,分析了经过土壤长期腐蚀后混凝土的抗压强度试验数据,分析表明,不同混凝土试件在相同土壤中的强度变化规律不尽相同。对某地铁工程沿线地下水进行取样,分析了其化学成分,并对其腐蚀性进行评价。然后根据地下水中Cl-和SO42-的含量配制4种不同浓度的腐蚀性溶液,进行混凝土试块的腐蚀试验,测定试块的质量变化和抗压强度。试验结果表明:混凝土试块质量有所增加,但各溶液中变化趋势不一致;另外,不同溶液中混凝土试块的抗压强度变化规律也不同。试验结论可为类似研究和工程实践提供参考。     

武烈河地表水与地下水转化规律研究

分析现状开采条件下武烈河地表水与地下水转化规律河水对地下水的补给量．双峰寺水库建成前后地下水可开采量的变化状况,为承德市区双峰寺水库建成后水源优化调度提供科学依据。     

暴雨与河流水位涨落耦合作用基坑稳定性分析

雨季施工时基坑工程受暴雨入渗以及邻近河流水位涨落耦合作用,容易发生渗透破坏事故。基于裘布依（Dupuit）假定建立分层地基地下水耦合渗流方程,以此确定在暴雨入渗以及河流水位涨落耦合作用下基坑周边地下水位。同时基于渗流-应力耦合分析理论与Midas分析软件,以某基坑工程实例为研究对象,建立基坑工程渗流-应力耦合分析模型,对基坑工程渗流破坏现象进行分析研究,由此得出了对其它工程有重要参考价值的结论。     

灌区地表水—地下水耦合模型的构建

为了定量描述灌区水平衡要素及其转化关系,构建了灌区地表水-地下水分布式模拟耦合模型。通过改进SWAT模型的稻田及旱作物水分循环、蒸发蒸腾量和渠系渗漏计算等模块,建立了灌区地表水分布式模拟模型;以SWAT模型中的水文响应单元(HRU)和MODFLOW模型中的有限差分网格(cells)作为基本交换单元,将改进SWAT模型的地下水补给量计算值加载到MODFLOW模型的地下水补给模块,实现了灌区地表水-地下水分布式模拟模型的耦合。耦合模型在柳园口灌区的应用结果表明,该模型能够准确模拟和预测灌区地表水和地下水的动态变化,为灌区水管理提供了科学依据。     

地下水取水工程二元管理结构浅析

目前,我国开发利用地下水结构不合理,大量的地下水资源用于农业灌溉,使得地下水资源未发挥出其特性。同时,超采地下水引起的地质环境问题愈演愈烈。地下水取水工程整体管理水平和能力与其客观要求仍有相当距离。二元制地下水取水工程管理制度可以为制定科学的管理手段及法规条例提供定量化的数据和技术支撑。