数控车床交流伺服系统及应用

数控机床的伺服系统是数控机床的重要组成部分,数控机床伺服系统的性能决定了数控机床的速度和精度等技术指标。对数控车床的伺服系统及工作性能进行了分析,并对CK160数控车床全数字交流伺服系统进行了研究。     

苏尼特羊不同部位肌肉抗氧化系统的差异

以放牧条件下的苏尼特羊股二头肌、臂三头肌和背最长肌3个部位的肌肉为材料,测定其丙二醛(MDA)、氧合肌红蛋白(OMb)、高铁肌红蛋白(MMb)含量、抗氧化酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px)、抗氧化能力(降铜离子还原能力CUPRAC、自由基清除率RSA)、色差和pH值等指标,比较不同部位之间的差异。结果表明:抗氧化酶和抗氧化性能中,臂三头肌的SOD与GSH-Px活性最高,而背最长肌中的CAT活性、CUPRAC和RSA最高。背最长肌的pH值最高,而MDA、L*值、a*值和b*值均显著低于股二头肌和臂三头肌(P<0.05)。股二头肌中OMb显著高于臂三头肌和背最长肌(P<0.05),而MMb显著低于其它部位(P<0.05)。苏尼特羊肌肉中的抗氧化酶之间具有协同作用,且抗氧化酶活力的增强能提高机体抗氧化性能,降低氧化程度。整体上,苏尼特羊背最长肌中抗氧化物质含量较高,脂质氧化程度低于其它两个部位,抗氧化能力较强。     

引燃策略对天然气直喷发动机射流燃烧及排放的影响

基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件CONVERGE研究了天然气直喷发动机的高压天然气射流混合、引燃燃烧及排放物生成等基础过程,详细分析了引燃方式和引燃距离对这些基础过程的影响。结果表明：高压直喷天然气射流能够明显促进引燃柴油喷雾发展与混合,但引燃柴油喷射对天然气射流发展影响不明显。高压直喷天然气射流火焰中心存在温度较低而天然气浓度较高的火焰内陷区,该内陷区是碳烟的主要生成区域,碳烟高浓度区位于火焰内陷区中后部。与引燃方式相比,引燃距离对火焰浮起长度、火焰内陷长度及NO_x和碳烟排放有更明显影响。随引燃距离增加,火焰浮起长度和NO_x排放增加,火焰内陷长度和碳烟排放减小。柴油喷入天然气中引燃在3种引燃方式中具有最高的放热率峰值和最短的燃烧持续期,其NO_x和碳烟排放最低,但甲烷逃逸量最高。     

Experimental study on the propagation characteristics of hydrogen/methane/air premixed flames in a narrow channel

This work is focused on the explosion characteristics of premixed gas containing different volume fractions of hydrogen in a narrow channel (1000 mm × 50 mm × 10 mm) under the circumstance of stoichiometric ratio. The ignition positions were set in the closed end and the middle of the pipeline respectively. The results showed that when the gas was ignited at the pipeline closed end, the propagating flame was tulip structure for different premixed gas. When the hydrogen volume fraction was less than 40%, the flame propagation speed increased significantly with the rise of hydrogen volume fraction, and the overpressure peak also appeared obviously in advance. However, when the volume fraction of hydrogen was more than 40%, the increase of flame propagation speed and the overpressure peak occurrence time varied slightly. Furthermore, when the ignition position was placed in the middle of the pipeline, the flame propagation speed propagating to the opening end was much faster than that propagating to the closing end, and there was no tulip shape when the flame propagates to the opening end. The flame propagating to the closed end appeared tulip shape under the influence of airflow, and high-frequency flame oscillation occurred during the propagation. This work shows that the hydrogen volume fraction and ignition position significantly affected the flame structure, flame front speed, and explosion overpressure.     

固定偏角垂直轴潮流能水轮机叶片安装位置试验研究

叶片安装位置是影响固定偏角垂直轴潮流能水轮机水动力性能的关键参数之一,为了研究其对水轮机性能影响的基本规律,建立了垂直轴水轮机水槽模型试验系统,设计了垂直轴水轮机性能和载荷测试方法。通过试验结果的分析,得到了叶片安装位置对水轮机能量利用率、推力系数、侧向力系数和合力系数的影响规律,为水轮机设计提供了试验依据。     

核电在中国低碳发展中的地位与作用分析

发展核电在中国低碳发展中具有重要的战略意义,是优化能源结构,提高非化石能源比例的可靠保证,是满足能源需求,保障能源安全的战略选择。然而日本福岛核事故引发了国际社会对核电安全性的质疑,本文在通过对比核电与化石能源和非化石能源对环境的影响和安全性等基础上,论证发展核电在低碳发展中的战略地位和作用意义重大。     

CPV系统中太阳能转换效率分析方法的探讨

太阳能转换效率是评价太阳能系统优劣的重要指标。在聚光光伏系统中,太阳能转换效率受太阳跟踪误差的影响较大。文章分析了太阳跟踪误差与太阳能转换效率之间的关系,提出了基于跟踪误差的太阳能转换效率误差分析法,填补了光伏产业中缺少太阳能转换效率评定标准的空白。文章以北京地区某日全天太阳光照辐射量数据为例,采用了两种经典的太阳位置算法,对文章所提出的误差分析法进行了验证说明。理论分析和验证表明,误差分析法可以作为评价太阳能系统能量转换效率的评定依据。     

双转台五轴数控机床定轴运动学研究

针对一些具有复杂曲面的零件,采用五轴联动加工存在编程繁琐、加工效率低及刚性差的问题,提出了五轴定轴加工方法.在分析双转台五轴机床空间运动坐标系的基础上,通过齐次坐标变换及其逆运算得到机床定轴运动坐标.运用该方法对增压器整体叶轮流道的实际加工显示:叶轮流道余量均匀,加工效率提高;验证了双转台五轴数控机床定轴运动学研究的可...     

发动机活塞位置全工况测量系统设计与试验

设计的发动机活塞位置全工况测量系统利用特定的二进制信号靶盘及光电传感器来突破传统磁电传感器频率响应下限,并设计活塞位置标定表和相应算法,满足了直喷汽油机瞬时反转直接起停系统对工况的拓展,可全工况实时监测发动机活塞位置、相位、正反转信号和转速.同时建立了直喷发动机停机试验台架,并在冷却水温度90,℃时进行无负载停机试验.结果表明,发动机停机行为遵循"正转-反转-再正转"的停机特征.经统计,反转幅度在65～75,°CA,反转最高转速达到70,r/min,之后的再次正转幅度在2～5,°CA,再次正转最高转速为40,r/min.发动机停机行为是活塞-连杆-曲轴-飞轮系统受摩擦和缸内所封住气体的影响,与周围环境构成停机剩余动能的耗散系统.     

Development of an embedded solar tracker for the enhancement of solar energy utilization

An embedded two‐axis solar tracking system using Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench to write the operation and control algorithms was developed for enhancing solar energy utilization. The system consists of a real‐time processor, two motion‐control modules, two step drives, two step motors, feedback devices, and other accessories needed for functional stability. The real‐time processor allows the solar tracker to be used as a stand‐alone, real‐time system that can operate automatically without any external control. The system combines two different solar tracking methods: the optical method and the astronomical method. Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) sensors are employed to continuously generate feedback signals to the controller, ensuring high‐precision solar tracking even under adverse conditions. The CdS sensor is a resistor whose electric resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. A database of solar altitude, azimuth, and sunrise and sunset times is provided by this solar tracking system. Other solar trackers operating in an astronomical method may access and use this database over the Internet. Solar position and sunrise and sunset times in the database were compared with those of the Astronomical Applications Department of the U.S. Naval Observatory. The differences were found to be negligible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.