我国新能源产能“过剩”的原因与解决途径

新能源产业是我国战略性新兴产业,但刚刚起步就出现产能"过剩"的问题,其既有国际市场萎缩也有产业发展与市场培育不协调,生产力发展与制度建设不协调等原因。消除产能"过剩"需要有新思路,要把政策重点由过去的扶持产业转到培育与扩大国内新能源市场方面,促进新能源产业从生产到消费的均衡发展。以消费者为补贴对象,培育国内专业市场;创新产业发展模式,开辟新的出口市场;拓展新能源应用领域,促进新能源产业与传统产业的融合发展。要创造有利于新能源产业发展的外部环境,加快电力体制改革,形成政策合力,优化市场环境。     

试论“节能评估”典型行业节能新技术

文中论述了节能评估和审查过程中经常遇到的生产工艺和设备的节能分析,从这些工艺和设备的公共用能分析出发,阐述了能源的供应方式、能源的品种选择以及公共设施的节能,给出了用电、用蒸汽的节能新技术。同时对于化工行业、有色金属行业、建材行业等典型行业进行了节能分析,介绍了几种这些行业的节能新技术,供相应行业节能决策参考。     

爆轰技术在纳米碳材料制备中的应用进展

在综合分析国内外文献的基础上,介绍了爆轰技术的特点,重点阐述了多项爆轰技术在纳米碳材料制备中的应用以及所得爆轰产物的形貌特征。目前,爆轰技术已广泛应用于纳米金刚石、纳米石墨、纳米碳管、富勒烯以及纳米碳包覆金属等多种新型纳米碳材料的制备,发展前景广阔。     

新型离心机及其分选细粒钨泥的试验研究

介绍了某公司生产的新型离心机的结构特点,并将该离心机应用到钨细泥回收工艺的研究中,实现了对钨细泥的大量抛尾。研究表明,WO₃品位为0.22%的钨细泥,经过离心机分选,在给矿浓度为20%、给矿速度为4 L/s、离心机转速为600 r/min、补加水量为2 L/min情况下,可以获得WO₃品位为0.65%、回收率为74.18%的钨粗精矿。     

Solar powered residential hydrogen fueling station

This paper presents a conceptual design of a solar powered hydrogen fueling station for a single family home in Wallingford, Connecticut, USA. Sixty high-efficiency monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) solar panels (Total capacity: 18.9 kW) account for approximately 94.7% of the hydrogen home’s power consumption. The fueling station consists of a 165 bar high pressure electrolyzer for on-site production of 2.24 kg/day of hydrogen, three-bank cascade configuration storage tanks (4.26 kg of H₂ at 350 bar) and a SAE J2600 compliant hydrogen nozzle. The system produces 0.8 kg/day of hydrogen for a fuel cell vehicle with an average commute of 56 km/day (Fuel mileage: 71 km/kg H₂). Safety codes and standards applicable at the facility are described, and a well-to-wheel analysis is performed to contrast the carbon dioxide emissions of conventional gasoline and fuel cell vehicles. The energy efficiency obtained by incorporating a solar-hydrogen system for residential applications is also computed.     

The use of ground heat storages and evacuated tube solar collectors for meeting the annual heating demand of family-sized houses

The use of storages for sensible heat is limited because parts of the input thermal energy end up as unavoidable heat losses. In order to minimize this loss, it is necessary to keep the surface area to volume ratio (S/V) as low as possible. This occurs when the volume of a body with a certain shape increases. In addition to a large volume it is important to use materials with a high volumetric thermal capacity, as long as sensible heat is being used for storage. This condition is best met by water or a combination of substances with water. In the field of interseasonal storages, for solar heat to cover the heating demands of small residential buildings, the general belief is that the relative small volume needed, results in too much heat loss and therefore individual seasonal storages seem to be of no useful solution.However, the theoretical considerations and simulations in this paper show that this is a prejudice. It is possible to supply a great deal of the thermal energy needed for small residential homes with interseasonal ground storage for solar heat. The loss of heat is acceptable if the storage is designed in the correct way.The ground heat storage should be of cuboidal shape, using the local soil as storage material, if possible. The storage containment must be heat-insulated and damp-proof. The placement of the storage could be within the heated building, adjacent to it or nearby. As such systems may be useful as retrofit for existing houses this study assumes that the storage system has no contact with the heated house. The heat is supplied by evacuated tube solar collectors and their feature to produce effective heat with high temperature (above 100 °C) is used.     

Spatial and Temporal Temperature Distributions in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Long-term spatial and temporal variations in temperatures have been investigated in covers, wastes, and liners at four municipal solid waste landfills located in different climatic regions: Alaska, British Columbia, Michigan, and New Mexico. Temperatures were measured in wastes with a broad range of ages from newly placed to old (up to 40 years). The characteristic shape of waste temperature versus depth relationships consisted of a convex temperature profile with maximum temperatures observed at central locations within the middle third fraction of the depth of the waste mass. Lower temperatures were observed above and below this central zone, with seasonal fluctuations occurring near the surface and steady and elevated values (above mean annual earth temperature) near the base of the landfills. Heat gain and long-term temperatures were directly affected by placement temperatures. Sustained concave temperature profiles were observed for winter waste placement. The highest heat gain and resulting high temperatures were observed in Michigan followed by British Columbia, New Mexico, and Alaska. The high heat gain in Michigan was attributed to coupled precipitation/moisture content and waste density. The time-averaged waste temperature ranges were 0.9–33.0, 14.4–49.2, 14.8–55.6, and 20.5–33.6°C in Alaska, British Columbia, Michigan, and New Mexico, respectively. Temperature increases occurred rapidly (over multiple years) in British Columbia and then dissipated for tens of years. Longer periods of temperature increase were observed at the other sites. Temperatures, temperature increases, and heat gain were higher during anaerobic decomposition of wastes than aerobic decomposition. A parametric study indicated that use of insulating materials over covers decreased temperature variations compared to uninsulated conditions for prevention of frost penetration or desiccation and for optimum methane oxidation. Overall, thermal regime of landfills is controlled by climatic and operational conditions.     

Synthesis and ferromagnetic property of new binary copper iron pyrophosphate CuFeP2O7

The pyrophosphate of CuFeP₂O₇ was synthesized through one step-thermal synthesis at 500 °C using the mixing of copper carbonate, iron metals and phosphoric acid. FTIR and XRD results indicate the dominant feature of pyrophosphate (P₂O₇⁴⁻) anion and a pure monoclinic phase with space group C_2h⁶ (Z = 4), respectively. The crystallite size of 25 ± 9 nm for the CuFeP₂O₇ was estimated by X-ray line broadening. Room temperature magnetization result shows ferromagnetic behavior of the CuFeP₂O₇ powder, having hysteresis loop in the range of ± 10,000 Oe with the specific magnetization value of 1.57 emu g^− 1. This property is important for specific application and is presented for the first time.     

新能源中的核电发展

对近年世界核电发展作了概述,指出核电发展远落后于期望值,核电发展任重道远。论述了发展核电对我国环境保护和经济发展的重要意义,对核能发展规划进行了讨论。通过世界核电强国发展核电的战略,阐述了我国的核电发展战略和技术主线,指出AP1000、CAP1000、CAP1400和CAP1700作为大型先进压水堆,在相当长一段时间内将是我国的主力机型,同时CAP1400和CAP1700将成为世界上极具竞争力的机型。对于第四代反应堆,超临界水冷堆在我国有较深厚的工业基础,较适合在我国发展。此外还要继续加强对快堆的投入,以实现先进的燃料闭式循环,同时也应关注目前的"行波堆"和中小型模块式反应堆。最后对目前的核电大发展提出了建议。     

单排单锚抗滑桩的一种新的计算方法

给出了单排单锚抗滑桩的一种新的更可靠的计算方法,即新地基系数及预应力法,在此基础上给出了一种新的有限杆单元法。此法可在初步设计和一般工程中应用。所有的这些方法经在工程中应用,与以往的方法对比,更简单且符合实际。