Russian petroleum tax policy – Continuous maneuvering in rocky waters

This article maps and analyses petroleum taxation policy in Russia to investigate the extent to which it reaches the goal of maximizing government revenue from new petroleum field developments. Expected cash flows from four real-world fields in Russia are modeled in four real-world tax regimes in an attempt to determine whether the so-called ‘tax maneuver’ of December 2014 helps the government to reach its goal. Russia's tax policy is further analyzed in terms of the desirable tax system design features of simplicity, flexibility, stability and competitiveness. The article concludes that the changes to the tax system introduced additional incentives for field developments but failed both to improve tax system design per se and to maximize government tax revenue.     

当代俄罗斯建筑创作发展因素解析

本文基于当代俄罗斯建筑创作飞速发展的背景,从社会、文化、技术等角度全方位解析社会转型以来俄罗斯建筑创作发展脉络,尝试归纳出影响其发展的决定性因素、表现性因素以及限制性因素。     

俄罗斯大口径油气输送管生产及对我国的启示

系统地介绍了近年来俄罗斯钢管企业为生产出优质的大口戏油气输送管所作的技术改造工作，以及俄罗斯大钢铁公司竞相建设大焊管机组的最新动向，对我国发展油气输送干线用管提出了有益的建议。     

Russian gas exports have potential to grow through 2020

This paper analyzes the potential for Russian gas export growth through the next decade and concludes that supply for exports will continue to grow, albeit moderately. The greater or lesser intensity of that growth will depend on the evolution of both production and internal consumption. From the production side, the pace of growth depends on the status of gas reserves and, more importantly, on the investment program pursued by the State-owned gas giant Gazprom. From the demand side, evolution depends on the way Russia's wide potential for gas savings is managed. Through this analysis, we find three likely scenarios for Russian gas exports. In the most positive, diversification of exports will be possible. In the most negative, Russia will have scant opportunity to develop an export diversification strategy.     

Eastern religions come to western pennsylvania university museum and kipp gallery,indiana museum of pennsylvania

ABSTRACT

In Eastern Orthodox traditions, an icon is a religious image, a depiction of a saint or a significant event. Icons are deployed by believers as symbols, teaching tools, and aids to concentration, but they can also function as social agents that decentralize authority normally concentrated in jurisdictional hierarchies. In the Russian Orthodox Church, all but the lowest formal positions are held exclusively by men, even though women make up the majority of the parishioners. Even among male believers, lay men and junior priests are subject to the power of a very few senior priests, abbots, and bishops. But while Church hierarchies control wealth, real estate, assignments, seminaries, and so on, they do not monopolize spiritual power. Heavenly authority supersedes the clergy's, and, discursively, heavenly participation by means of miraculous icons can limit hierarchs' power. When parishioners choose to address their problems by appealing to an icon directly rather than submitting a request that it be included in a formal service, they are bypassing the formal Church structure. Priests, monks, and bishops can ask for miracles, but they can not make them. Icons act as leveling mechanisms shifting power from (masculine) authorities to the (predominantly feminine) laity.     

The interdependence of European–Russian energy relations

The aim of this article is to explore this dynamic interdependent relationship between Russia and Europe in the field of energy. Based on the concept of interdependence and perspectives on the political aspects of trade relations we discuss how Russia can exercise power based on its energy resources and how the EU can compensate for its lack of power in the energy game with other trade related capabilities. In particular we explore the implications of the lack of a full-fledged EU foreign energy policy towards Russia, with the somewhat counter-intuitive conclusion that the EU countries, on average, not necessarily are better off with a common foreign energy policy.     

俄罗斯联邦共产党的衰落原因与发展前景探析

俄罗斯联邦共产党(简称俄共)从重建到今天,已经走过了19年的发展历程。20世纪90年代的俄共创造了令世界瞩目的成就,但进入新世纪后,曾经是议会(国家杜马)第一大党的俄共却因各种原因而逐渐势微,甚至连自身生存也变得愈加艰难。然而,处于衰退中的俄共同时也面临着进一步发展的巨大机遇和希望。     

俄罗斯-前苏联石油产区的战略接替及其启示

单独油气田的生命周期是有限的,而油气生产的持续发展要靠两个接替:一是战术接替,即老油气田(区)内的潜力挖掘与增储上产;二是战略接替,即新领域、新类型、新层系,特别是新油气产区的开拓等。沙俄-前苏联-俄罗斯石油产区经历了从第一、第二到第三巴库的紧凑接替,为我国产区战略接替研究提供了实际案例。对前苏联解体之前和之后产量起伏的分析表明:为解国内政治-经济之困和扩充军备之需而剥夺了石油工业进行战术战略接替所必须的投资是影响其持续发展的首要原因。如果不改变俄罗斯目前的政策,实行改革开放,从国内国外两方面大力筹集资金就难以保障其石油工业的持续发展,难以保障出口增长,也就难以实现其"油气富国"的初衷。石油生产的客观规律要求我们增强进行战术和战略接替的自觉性和主动性,以不断开拓的"进攻"去实现石油工业的持续发展。基于上述分析,最后提出实现战略接替的必备条件: 从实际情况出发提出的战略性开拓新思路,与目标艰难条件相适应的勘探开发新技术,投资的保障和一定的时间周期。     

Fusariotoxins in Russian Federation 2005–2010 grain harvests

Monitoring results of food grain contamination with fusariotoxins–deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FB1&FB2), T-2 and HT-2 toxins–are presented. Harvests of 2005–2010 in different regions of Russia were investigated. The occurrence of DON in wheat was 8%, barley 9%, oats 4%, rye 2% and maize 2%. The highest frequency of ZEN contamination was found in oats, the lowest in wheat. Calculated average daily intake of DON varied from 0.066 to 0.096 µg/kg body weight, the highest being found in the Southern region, but substantially lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the presence of T-2 toxin in 14% and HT-2 toxin in 17% of all samples. The maximum level of T-2 toxin was exceeded only in one sample of barley. Relatively high frequency and levels of FB1&FB2 contamination were found in maize.     

建立高等职业教育独立体系：我国大陆高等教育学制改革方向——从美国、俄罗斯和台湾地区高等教育学制比较视角

高等教育学制是高等教育制度中最重要的组成部分,是整个高等教育系统运行的关键。通过对美国、俄罗斯和台湾地区高等教育学制进行比较研究,指出美国高等教育学制貌似单轨型实为双（或多）轨型,各层次高等教育自然衔接,职、普两类高等教育双向自由沟通;俄罗斯高等教育学制貌似分支型实为接近单轨型,各层次高等教育自然衔接,职、普两类高等教育单向顺畅沟通;台湾地区高等教育学制貌为双轨型实为交汇型,各层次高等教育自然衔接,职、普两类高等教育层层交叉沟通。不管是否设有独立的高等职业教育体系,它们皆有效地构建起了人才成长的立交桥。借鉴这些国家或地区高等教育学制的成功经验,针对我国大陆高等教育制度系统存在的问题,我国大陆高等教育学制改革的方向应是：建立高等职业教育独立体系,且这一体系必须突破专科层次限制向上延伸。