俄罗斯天然气勘探开发及出口贸易进展浅析

俄罗斯是世界上最主要的天然气生产国和出口贸易国,2012年其天然气产量6545×10^8m3,出口贸易量1787×10^8m3。俄罗斯天然气资源丰富,近20年来一直保持100％的天然气储量替代率,2005年以来新增储量与总产量基本持平。俄天然气资源主要集中在西西伯利亚、东西伯利亚、远东等地域,合计占资源总量的85％。俄气公司、卢克石油公司、俄油公司、诺瓦泰克公司是俄罗斯主要的天然气生产商,其中俄气公司生产的天然气占俄总产量的80％以上。俄罗斯还是世界上最大的管道天然气出口国,截至2011年底,输气管道总长度达16．47×104km。为了减少过境国带来的天然气出口不稳定性,今后俄出口管道建设主要考虑不经过中转国,直接向出口贸易国供气。欧洲是俄天然气出口的主要市场,约占其天然气出口量的80％,其次是独联体等国家,今后俄将加大向亚太市场的出口量。俄天然气对外出口贸易价格一般根据国际天然气市场价格和石油价格来确定,对独联体及波罗的海三国的销售价格与欧洲其他国家差距较大。俄罗斯天然气发展长期规划的制定,为世界能源市场天然气多元合作带来了新的机遇。     

俄罗斯丁腈橡胶工业发展现况及展望

随着我国与俄罗斯在丁腈橡胶领域的合作不断深入,俄罗斯丁腈橡胶工业发展状况受到业内人士的极大关注。本文综述了俄罗斯丁腈橡胶生产的总体状况、几大生产企业及其技术特点、产品牌号,以及存在的问题及发展方向。     

The Theory of Innovation and Innovative Development. AI Scenarios in Russia

This article explores different scenarios of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in Russia. The relevance of the research and the range of problems addressed in it consist in the fact that Russia is not fully realizing the potential of innovative economic development. AI can accelerate the innovative development of Russia's Economy, but it entails the risks of its destabilization and therefore requires further research. This article contributes to the theory of innovation, thereby specifying the logic of the optimization of innovative development and the optimal scale in a strategy of risk management. The effectiveness of the digital modernization of Russia's Economy based on AI will be remarkably high. The index of global competitiveness achieves maximum value (7 points), increasing by 1.52 times. The innovation index of the economy grows 1.15 times. The unemployment level will rise 1.62 times, and the level of cybersecurity will decrease 6.52 times. Both advantages from the implementation of AI and risks of digital modernization of the Russian Economy are determined. The significance of the research consists in the application of the offered method for determining the optimal intervals of AI usage in Russia. The key conclusion that can be drawn from the research is the justification of the need to promote the modernization of the Russian Economy on the basis of AI with a view to accelerating its innovative development until 2024. The consequences of the research are involved with the improvement of practices of public regulation of the innovative development of the Russian Economy by promoting the dissemination of AI according to recommendations proposed by the authors.     

Apparent viscosity reduction during microwave sintering of amorphous silica

The sintering of arrays of spherical particles of amorphous SiO₂ was investigated experimentally under microwave (24 GHz) and conventional heating. The materials under study were compacts formed by gravitational sedimentation of monodisperse silica microspheres (1 µm in diameter). The kinetics of neck growth between individual particles was investigated by analyzing SEM images. It was found that the rates of viscous mass transport under microwave heating were significantly higher than those under conventional heating. The values of the viscosity obtained under microwave heating were significantly (by more than an order of magnitude) lower compared to conventional heating. Possible reasons for the viscosity decrease observed under microwave heating may be associated with the influence of water vapor and the action of the electromagnetic field on impurity ions. The interrelation of the observed effect with flash sintering and microwave-enhanced mass transport is discussed.     

Gazprom vs. other Russian gas producers: The evolution of the Russian gas sector

The non-Gazprom gas producers (NGPs) doubled their share of the Russian domestic gas market between 2000 and 2010 and have continued growing since then. For several years especially Novatek expanded. More recently, Rosneft has emerged as a key player, not least through its purchase of TNK-BP. This article begins with an overview of the companies in the Russian gas sector, their resource bases and capacities, and subsequently examines whether differences in field development costs and export market access may make it rational for Gazprom to continue ceding market share to the NGPs. With rising costs of Gazprom's queue of greenfield developments, any delays in Gazprom's investment program may be compensated through increased NGP production. The article argues that the NGPs are ready to fill the gap, may be allowed to do so and are already increasing their market share in an increasingly competitive market. The stage may now be set for a continued gradual transformation of the Russian gas market, in which the interests of Gazprom and the NGPs may be complementary or may be pitted against each other, but those of the Russian Federation are in any case likely to be better fulfilled than in the past.     

普京执政以来对俄罗斯的治理--谨以此文献给中国的"俄罗斯年"

普京执政以来,政治上,大刀阔斧地推行了一系列政权建设和政治改革的措施,确保了政局稳定;经济上,谨慎地推行国家干预与市场调节相结合的市场经济体制,打击寡头势力,使国民经济保持稳步增长;在车臣问题上,强硬对付车臣分裂势力,以铁腕手段反恐;外交上,以国家利益为重,实行东西方并重的外交政策,大力拓展外交空间,为俄罗斯的发展创造了一个有利的国际环境。     

苏俄、共产国际和中共建党关系研究综述

源于有关档案的解密,苏俄、共产国际和中共建党的关系研究,在改革开放尤其是苏东剧变以来,取得很大进展.具体表现在一些新问题的提出,如苏俄境内华人共产党组织情况;苏俄、共产国际有关机构及其代表在华活动;上海"革命局"等.研究者根据原始档案和文献资料,提出了许多创见,纠正了流传已久的一些谬误,这些都值得总结.而研究中存在的争...     

俄罗斯松香松节油工业概况

近几年俄罗斯松香松节油工业有一定的发展 ,脂松香年产量约 50 0 0t,浮油松香 2 0 0 0多t,没有浸提松香生产 ,当前研究工作主要是浮油的加工与利用     

俄罗斯平板玻璃的进、出口情况

用大量的数据和图表对比,详细介绍了俄罗斯各种平板玻璃和深加工玻璃的进、出口情况。     

Problems and Goals of Synchronous Interconnection of the United Power System (UPS) of Russia and European Power Systems

Technical problems of the organization of synchronous operation of the UPS of Russia and power pools of other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and countries of the Baltic region with TESIS are considered, including the topics of load-frequency control and reliability of operation. Measures for preparation of the synchronous operation are discussed. It is inferred that in the actual absence of insurmountable and resource-intensive obstacles the existing technical problems can be solved in several years.