Effects of parallelogram-shaped pavement markings on vehicle speed and safety of pedestrian crosswalks on urban roads in China

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of parallelogram-shaped pavement markings on vehicle speed and crashes in the vicinity of urban pedestrian crosswalks. The research team measured speed data at twelve sites, and crash data at eleven sites. Observational cross-sectional studies were conducted to identify if the effects of parallelogram-shaped pavement markings on vehicle speeds and speed violations were statistically significant. The results showed that parallelogram-shaped pavement markings significantly reduced vehicle speeds and speed violations in the vicinity of pedestrian crosswalks. More specifically, the speed reduction effects varied from 1.89 km/h to 4.41 km/h with an average of 3.79 km/h. The reduction in the 85th percentile speed varied from 0.81 km/h to 5.34 km/h with an average of 4.19 km/h. Odds ratios (OR) showed that the parallelogram-shaped pavement markings had effects of a 7.1% reduction in the mean speed and a 6.9% reduction in the 85th percentile speed at the pedestrian crosswalks. The reduction of proportion of drivers exceeding the speed limit varied from 8.64% to 14.15% with an average of 11.03%. The results of the crash data analysis suggested that the use of parallelogram-shaped pavement markings reduced both the frequency and severity of crashes at pedestrian crosswalks. The parallelogram-shaped pavement markings had a significant effect on reducing the vehicle–pedestrian crashes. Two crash prediction models were developed for vehicle–pedestrian crashes and rear-end crashes. According to the crash models, the presence of parallelogram-shaped pavement markings reduced vehicle–pedestrian crashes at pedestrian crosswalks by 24.87% with a 95% confidence interval of [10.06–30.78%]. However, the model results also showed that the presence of parallelogram-shaped pavement markings increased rear-end crashes at pedestrian crosswalks by 5.4% with a 95% confidence interval of [0–11.2%].     

Results of Finnish national survey on EU legislation concerning computer work

The European Directive on computer work (VDU 90/270/EEC) is implemented in the Finnish Government Decree. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the legislation and its applications in practice. The quantitative method used an online questionnaire. The respondents were employers (N = 934), employees (N = 1872) and occupational health care (OHC) units (N = 289). The majority of all these three groups considered the provisions clear and easy to understand, comprehensive, and easy to comply with. The provisions had a great impact on preventing mental overloading, arranging sight tests at the employer's cost, and on the refunding of eyeglasses for computer work. Most employers felt they did not need any more specific provisions, whereas half of the employees and OHC professionals would have liked the provisions to be more detailed. More explicit and specific regulations were also needed for practice applications in particular, as well as for the refunding of the costs of special eyeglasses for computer work. A total of 59% of the employers reported that costs of glasses are refunded, whereas the figure for employees was clearly lower (37%). OHC professionals reported that the costs of glasses were refunded in 82% of their customer workplaces. The practical conclusion is that employees' sight examinations and compensation for eyeglasses should be promoted in computer work. Moreover, ergonomic applications are best carried out in co-operation with OHC personnel.     

SIMATIC Safety Matrix（安全矩阵）工具包及其应用

介绍了SIMATIC Safety Matrix（安全矩阵）工具包的主要特点、构成、作用以及在阿尔及利亚凝析油拔头项目紧急停车系统（ESD）中的应用。     

浅议网站的安全及应对策略

网站发展的迅猛,虽然方便了很多行业,但同时安全隐患也随之而生。病毒、黑客程序、邮件炸弹、远程侦听等日益猖獗,由此引起网站安全问题日益严重。如何保护计算机信息安全,也即信息内容的保密问题显得越来越重要。本文介绍了目前网站中主要存在的不安全因素,并在提出了相应有利于保护网站的安全应对策略。     

CPU卡流量计功能要求及实现

随着城市燃气用户的快速发展及应用,CPU卡流量计因功能强大、安全性能强的优点在城市燃气应用中越来越广泛,它取代了传统的上门抄表工作,为燃气公司节省了大量的人力、物力。根据CPU卡以及城市燃气的特点,设计了用于城市燃气的CPU卡文件结构以及密钥管理体系,实现了CPU卡流量计的计量及预付费功能。     

便携式安全阀在线校验仪的研制

目前,安全阀在线校验系统普遍存在精度低、安全性和便携性差等缺点.提出了以STC12C5A单片机为核心,基于阀瓣微动技术的便携式安全阀自动校验仪的设计方案,并完成了对该压力校准系统的研制.工程应用表明,该仪器具有精度高、功耗低等特点,能实现数据共享,操作灵活,易于携带,在行业中具有很高的推广价值.     

Direction coding using a tactile chair

This laboratory study examined the possibility of using a car seat instrumented with a tactile display to communicate directional information to a driver. A car seat fitted with an 8 × 8 matrix of vibrators embedded in the seat pan was used to code eight different directions. Localization response time and angular accuracy were examined as a function of stimulus direction, presence of a tactile attention cue, temporal pattern, stimulus layout, age, and gender. The mean absolute angular error was 23°, and both localization accuracy and response times were superior for the back left, backward, and back right directions. Of the various temporal pattern/attention cue combinations examined, results favored the relatively fast patterns consisting of vibration bursts of 125 or 250 ms without a centrally located attention cue over 500 ms bursts that were preceded by an attention cue. Observed age and gender effects were relatively modest, suggesting that using tactile cueing to communicate direction is effective across a wide range of users. In addition, the tactile stimulus was detected by more than 90% of the participants under surprise trial conditions. Overall, these results indicate that the tactile chair provides a promising and robust method of providing directional information.     

一种强安全约束机制下的云计算任务调度方案

针对云计算技术中的资源调度时间长、开销大、不考虑调度安全的问题,本文在对常见的云环境下工作流任务的资源调度问题进行建模的基础上,提出了一种强安全约束机制下的云计算任务调度方案。该方案按照所用方法的安全强度,再加上相关软件的安全程度,赋予虚拟机不同的安全等级;另一方面,其按照用户的需求等诸多方面,能够赋予操作不同的安全需求等级;最后使用变近邻粒子群算法对该问题进行了求解。在CloudSim仿真平台上的实验结果证明,本文提出的算法与用最大－最小蚁群算法、遗传算法与该算法相比,该算法具有很好的可用性和寻优能力。     

云化SFT下的径集域与割集域的重构与研究

为了克服原有SFT体系中径集域和割集域处理具有模糊性、随机性和离散性故障数据能力不足的问题,使用云模型和SFT相结合的方法来解决该问题。首先使用云模型云化SFT特征函数,得到云化特征函数,进而云化径集域和割集域,最终得到云化径集域和云化割集域。云化径集域和云化割集域没有严格的分界线,分布区域是通过云滴表示的。若云滴表示的元件/系统故障概率小于P_b,这些云滴存在的区域即为云化径集域;反之大于P_b的云滴存在的区域为云化割集域。通过实例分析了元件X₁和系统的云化径集域和云化割集域,得到了他们适合工作的环境因素变化范围组合。分析过程和结果表明云化径集域和云化割集域能克服原始故障数据的不确定性。     

Safe driving in a green world: A review of driver performance benchmarks and technologies to support ‘smart’ driving

Road transport is a significant source of both safety and environmental concerns. With climate change and fuel prices increasingly prominent on social and political agendas, many drivers are turning their thoughts to fuel efficient or ‘green’ (i.e., environmentally friendly) driving practices. Many vehicle manufacturers are satisfying this demand by offering green driving feedback or advice tools. However, there is a legitimate concern regarding the effects of such devices on road safety – both from the point of view of change in driving styles, as well as potential distraction caused by the in-vehicle feedback. In this paper, we appraise the benchmarks for safe and green driving, concluding that whilst they largely overlap, there are some specific circumstances in which the goals are in conflict. We go on to review current and emerging in-vehicle information systems which purport to affect safe and/or green driving, and discuss some fundamental ergonomics principles for the design of such devices. The results of the review are being used in the Foot-LITE project, aimed at developing a system to encourage ‘smart’ – that is safe and green – driving.