岸坡崩塌条件下弯道环流与水流剪切力的变化特征

河岸崩塌(又称为崩岸或塌岸)是水动力作用下岸坡失稳的一种主要形式,属于一种典型的水力与重力的复合侵蚀。本文采用黄河上游宁蒙河段的磴口黏性河岸沙为实验用沙,通过实施8组弯道水槽实验模拟塌岸过程与河道冲淤演变过程,重点观测并分析崩塌近岸水位、流速、颗粒粒径及河床冲淤形态等水力-泥沙-河床三方面因子变化特点,揭示黏性岸坡崩塌过程水流剪切力分布特征及其对河道冲淤形态影响机制,结果显示崩塌体头尾部的剪切力突增,形成较大剪切力区,尾部剪切力大于头部剪切力,尾部形成涡流,流速分布混乱,加快崩塌体的分解和崩塌进程。实验进一步揭示了崩塌过程河床形态对水流剪切力的响应关系,为建立崩塌河段泥沙输移模型提供了基础依据,并可供河道整治工程规划设计参考。     

类骨纳米结构生物材料的细观力学分析

根据贝壳、 骨骼等生物材料在纳米尺度的微结构特征, 采用剪滞模型, 分别推导了蛋白质材料为线弹性和弹塑性时类骨材料的等效模量和总体应力应变曲线。通过与有限元以及Gao等人的拉剪链模型结果的比较, 分析了线性剪滞模型和拉剪链模型在研究类骨材料等效模量时的有效性。结果显示, 剪滞模型与二维有限元结果符合较好, 拉剪链模型在长细比较大时与有限元结果偏离较大。进一步将弹塑性剪滞模型预测的应力-应变曲线与实验测量结果进行了比较, 两者符合较好。从模拟结果中可以看出, 在刚度发生明显降低之前, 已经有部分蛋白质进入塑性变形, 从而反映了生物材料的能耗与增韧特征。      

Computations of shear driven vortex flow in a cylindrical cavity using a modified k-ε turbulence model

In this paper, a new variant of the k-ε turbulence model (Saqr et al., CFD Letters, 1(2) pp. 87–94) is used to compute the shear driven vortex flow in an open cylindrical cavity. The results are compared with published LDA measurements for such flow configuration. The modified turbulence model demonstrated good agreement with experimental results, which further supports its validity in computing vortex dominated flows.     

柔性支撑转子高速动平衡时机械滞后角的优化选取

对于柔性支撑的大型汽轮发电机组转子,由于支撑结构刚度较低,造成振动不平衡响应较高,容易出现瓦振超标现象。振动机械滞后角的优化选取能够有效提高转子高速动平衡一次加重成功率,通过柔性支撑振动特性分析,给出了机械滞后角的选取方法,并结合机械滞后角在转子高速动平衡中的作用,列举柔性支撑转子高速动平衡实例。     

过热汽温的动态特性与控制

给出了过热器动态特性的简便计算方法.按过热器的结构和热力参数计算出单级和多级过热汽温的传递函数.与实测数据相比较,证实这种方法准确而且简便.首次提出在过热气温控制中,采用取实根的相位补偿,即2个串联的超前/滞后环节,在工程中实现很方便.经大量仿真试验证实,其过渡过程时间缩短1半左右,最大动态偏差缩减2-3倍.还给出整定计算公式及多种整定计算数据的取法,以及在一级喷水过热汽温控制的工程应用实例.该方法极大地改善了过热汽温控制品质,电站锅炉过热器可采用一级喷水减温,使过热器系统结构简化,设备投资减少.由于汽温控制品质大大提高,可把汽温控制系统的设定值定在稍高于额定值.在不影响机组运行安全性的同时,提高机组运行的经济性.     

Stress-controlled direct shear testing of geosynthetic clay liners II: Assessment of shear behavior

This paper is the second of a two-paper set on stress-controlled direct shear testing of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). Design of the apparatus, preliminary experiments, and shear deformation mechanisms in heat-treated and non-heat treated needle-punched (NP) GCLs were discussed in Part I. The objective of Part II (this paper) was to evaluate the effects of physical factors (i.e., peel strength and initial normal stress, σ_ni), environmental factors (i.e., temperature and hydration solution), and creep on the internal shear behavior of NP GCLs. In addition, failure conditions of GCLs in the stress-controlled direct shear tests were compared to displacement-controlled direct shear tests to verify results. An increase in internal shear strength developed from increased GCL peel strength or increased normal stress. Elevated temperatures were observed to decrease internal shear strength for both non-heat treated and heat-treated NP GCLs. Specimens hydrated with a calcium-rich synthetic mining solution experienced increased internal shear strength due to cation exchange in the bentonite, whereas specimens hydrated with a highly alkaline synthetic mining solution experienced decreased internal shear strength. Creep tests revealed an increase in time-to-failure with decrease in applied shear stress. Finally, stress states at failure from stress-controlled and displacement-controlled shear tests corresponded to a unique failure envelope, which validates the efficacy of using stress-controlled direct shear tests to assess internal shear behavior and shear strength of NP GCLs.     

Failure of Zr61Ti2Cu25Al12 bulk metallic glass under torsional loading

The torsional properties of the Zr₆₁Ti₂Cu₂₅Al₁₂ BMG have been tested using cylinder samples, including the shear yield strength, shear elastic strain limit and shear modulus. Under torsional loading, the BMG fails via a major shear band, without obvious macroscopic plasticity on the specimen surface. The shear band maintained stable propagation by a distance of ∼300 μm (∼20% of cylinder radius) before final catastrophic failure, owing to the constraint of stress gradient along the radial direction. The combined tensile, compressive and torsional properties of the Zr₆₁Ti₂Cu₂₅Al₁₂ BMG suggest that recent ellipse criterion and eccentric ellipse criterion are more appropriate than other well-known ones in describing the yield behavior of this BMG. The cooperative shear model underestimates the shear elastic strain limit, because of its default assumption that the yielding behavior follows the Tresca yield criterion.     

Characterization of the interfacial-microstructure evolution and void shrinkage of Ti-22Al-25Nb orthorhombic alloy with different surface roughness during diffusion bonding

Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy specimens with different surface roughness were joined, through diffusion bonding at 975 °C at 12.5 MPa. The interfacial-microstructure evolution during this process was characterized via scanning electron microscopy combined with electron probe microanalysis and electron backscatter diffraction analysis. Further, the interfacial void-shrinkage mechanism and the quality of the bonded joints were determined through atomic force microscopy, which revealed the three-dimensional morphologies of the surfaces, and shear strength testing of the joints. The results revealed that fine equiaxed α₂ grains are precipitated in the bonding interface of specimens with ground surfaces. These interfacial α₂ grains were formed via phase transformation and recrystallization processes, which were triggered by asperity deformation at the contact plane and unavoidable oxygen contamination. Two types of fracture occurred during the shear strength tests, where the bonds generated from (i) polished surfaces failed predominantly along the bond line, and (ii) ground surfaces failed predominantly in the base material away from the bond line. This indicated that the mechanism controlling the void-shrinkage process associated with the contact between two rough surfaces during diffusion bonding varied with the surface roughness: the void-shrinkage process of specimens with (i) polished surfaces is controlled by diffusion, and (ii) ground surfaces was controlled by both diffusion and plastic deformation.     

New observations and critical assessments of incipient plasticity events and indentation size effect in nanoindentation of ceramic nanocomposites

The ceramic nanocomposites (CNCs) like zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics are important futuristic materials for structural and functional applications in advanced strategic systems, structural components, biomedical prostheses and devices. In all structural materials including the ZTA CNCs, the very early stages of plastic deformation i.e., the incipient plasticity events (IPE) are most important to be understood so that the microstructure and mechanical properties can be tuned to suit a given end application. Here we report for the first time the mechanisms of IPE in the nanoindentation experiments conducted at 10–1000 mN loads in the 40 ZTA CNCs. Here 40 ZTA CNC stands for 40 vol% of 3 mol% Yttria partially stabilized zirconia toughened alumina (40ZTA) CNC. The role of load ranges in variations of the IPE related parameters in the 40 ZTA CNCs is also studied. Further, an attempt is made to assess how the amount of zirconia content in ZTA CNCs affects the variations of the IPE related parameters. Through the extensive usage of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and theoretical estimations, efforts are also directed to check out the linkage, if any, between the localized shear deformation and/or microcracking with the IPE events that occur in the present CNCs. In addition, a new concept of damage resistance is introduced for the first time in the present work to explain the presence of a strong indentation size effect (ISE) in the 40 ZTA CNCs. Finally, an attempt is also directed to understand how the indentation load (P) controls the relative size of interaction zones of dislocation loops as well as the damage resistance and thereby, engineer the acuteness of the ISE in ZTA CNCs. The implication of these findings in futuristic design of especially the ZTA CNCs for various applications is also discussed.     

Strength and dilatancy behaviors of deep sands in Shanghai with a focus on grain size and shape effect

With rapid development of infrastructures like tunnels and open excavations in Shanghai, investigations on deeper soils have become critically important. Most of the existing laboratory works were focused on the clayey strata up to Layer 6 in Shanghai, i.e. at depth of up to 40 m. In this paper, Layers 7, 9, and 11, which were mostly formed of sandy soils at depth of up to 150 m, were experimentally investigated with respect to physico-mechanical behaviors. The stress–strain behaviors were analyzed by the consolidated drained/undrained (CD/CU) triaxial tests under monotonic loading. One-dimensional (1D) oedometer tests were performed to investigate the consolidation properties of the sandy soils. Specimens were prepared at three different relative densities for each layer. Also, the micro-images and particle size analyzers were used to analyze the shape and size of the sand grains. The influences of grain size, density, and angularity on the stress–strain behaviors and compressibility were also studied. Compared to the other layers, Layer 11 had the smallest mean grain size (D₅₀), highest compressibility, and lowest shear strength. In contrast, Layer 9 had the largest mean grain size, lowest compressibility, and highest shear strength. Layer 7 was of intermediate mean grain size, exhibiting more compressibility and less shear strength than that of Layer 9. Also, the critical state parameters and maximum dilatancy rate of different layers were discussed.