Sulfur transformation during rapid hydropyrolysis of coal under high pressure by using a continuous free fall pyrolyzer☆

The behavior of sulfur transformation during rapid hydropyrolysis of coal was investigated using a pressurized, continuous free fall pyrolyzer under the conditions of temperature ranging from 923 to 1123 K and hydrogen pressure up to 5 MPa. The yields of sulfur converted to gas, tar and char were determined, together with the analyses of sulfur form distributions in coals and chars. The results showed that the decomposition of inorganic sulfur species was affected only by the temperature, while the increases in temperature and hydrogen pressure obviously enhanced the removal of organic sulfur from coal. The extent of organic sulfur removal was proportional to the coal conversion, depending on coal type. A significant retention of gaseous sulfur products by the organic matrix of the char was observed during hydropyrolysis of a Chinese coal above 1023 K, even under the pressurized hydrogen atmosphere. The kinetic analysis indicates that the rate of organic sulfur removal from coal was 0.2th-order with respect to the hydrogen pressure, and the activation energy for total sulfur removal and organic sulfur removal is 17-26 and 13-55 kJ/mol, respectively. The low activation energies suggest that the transformation and removal of sulfur from coal might be controlled by the diffusion and/or thermodynamic equilibrium during hydropyrolysis under the pressurized conditions.     

新型膨化硝铵硫磺工业炸药的研究

用膨化硝酸铵、硫磺、木粉和柴油作原材料，通过建立工业炸药配方设计及最优化数学模型，得到新型膨化硝胺硫横工业炸药配方。通过几种工业炸药的理论参数和实际爆炸性能的比较，得出新型膨化硝铵硫磺工业炸药具有低的成本和优良的爆炸性能。     

60%硫·三环可湿性粉剂的液相色谱分析

本方法以150×3.9mm(i.d)NovapakC184μm不锈钢柱为色谱柱,二氯甲烷+甲醇+异丙醇+水为流动相,在检测波长为252nm下对60%硫·三环可湿性粉剂进行液相色谱分析。三环唑和硫磺的标准偏差分别为0.12%和0.15%;变异系数分别为0.39%和0.31%;线性相关系数分别为0.9999和0.9997;平均回收率分别为99.63%和99.26%。     

Resistance to sulfur poisoning of hot gas cleaning catalysts for the removal of tar from the pyrolysis of cedar wood

In the partial oxidation of tar derived from the pyrolysis of cedar wood, the effect of H₂S addition was investigated over non-catalyst, steam reforming Ni catalyst, and Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ using a fluidized bed reactor. In the non-catalytic gasification, the product distribution was not influenced by the presence of H₂S. Steam reforming Ni catalyst was effective for the tar removal without H₂S addition, however, the addition of H₂S deactivated drastically. In contrast, Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂ exhibited higher and more stable activity than the Ni catalyst even under the presence of high concentration of H₂S (280 ppm). On the Ni catalyst, the adsorption of sulfur was observed by XPS and Ni species was oxidized during the partial oxidation of tar. In the case of Rh/CeO₂/SiO₂, the adsorption of sulfur was below the detection limit of XPS. This can be related to the self-cleaning of catalyst surface during the circulation in the fluidized bed reactor for the partial oxidation of tar derived from cedar pyrolysis.     

NCT-11型有机硫水解催化剂的研制

介绍了NCT－11型有机硫水解催化剂实验室研制情况。结果表明，在240～280℃时，该催化剂对气体中的COS有优越的水解性能。在280℃、1200h-1、进口COS—2000ｘ10-6　条件下，水解转化率＞90％。     

电力绝缘用六氟化硫替代物的过去、现在和未来

本文综述了电力绝缘用SF6替代物的开发方法、发展现状和未来趋势。其开发方法包括替代物的设计与确认（物性、安全性评价、环境影响的评价等）、合成、产业化等内容。目前，开发出的SF6替代物包括SF6混合气体、饱和卤代烃、氢氟烯烃、全氟酮和全氟腈，其中七氟异丁腈的绝缘性能优异，是SF6最佳的替代物。同时文中综述了现有七氟异丁腈的合成路线，其中以碳酰氟和六氟丙烯为起始原料催化反应合成七氟异丁腈的路线，具有高效、绿色、环保的优点。以过去发展历程和现在发现现状为基础，展望了SF6替代物的未来发展趋势，提出今后的研究重点在于全面开发七氟异丁腈的应用配套设备，下一代SF6替代物及其绿色、高效的产业化路线。     

Carbonization and graphitization

A review is made of recent electron microscope observations relating to the carbonization and graphitization of a variety of carbonaceous precursors. The different behaviors of graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons are elucidated, and the effect of sulphur as a cross-linker is determined. The resulting processes are shown to apply to a wide variety of materials ranging from cokes to carbon fibers.     

Charge/discharge characteristics of sulfur composite cathode materials in rechargeable lithium batteries

The charge and discharge characteristics of lithium batteries with sulfur composite cathodes have been investigated. The sulfur composites showed novel electrochemical characteristics. The analysis of the differential capacity indicated that the discharge process showed two voltage plateaus of 2.10 V and 1.88 V, and the charge process also presented two voltage plateaus of 2.22 V and 2.36 V. The overcharge test showed that the composite cannot be charged over 4.0 V, the voltage always stopped at about 3.9 V during charging, indicating that the composite presented the intrinsic safety for the overcharge of lithium batteries. The overcharge can cause serious safety problem for the conventional Li-ion batteries. The overcharge test also showed that the batteries with sulfur composite were destroyed when the upper cut-off voltage was over 3.6 V. However, the composite presented good reversible capacity after it was deep discharged even to 0 V. It showed stable cycleability and high cycling capacity of 1000 mAh g⁻¹ when cycling between 0.1 V and 3.0 V, indicative of the different characteristic from the conventional oxide cathode materials. The prototype polymer battery with the composite cathode material presented the energy density of 246 Wh kg⁻¹ and 401 Wh L⁻¹.     

红外吸收法测硅铁中的超低硫

应用高频红外碳硫仪,建立了硅铁合金中超低硫测定方法,对选择适当的测定条件如助熔剂、分析时间等进行了探讨,最佳测定条件:最大工作电流为400～480 mA;载气纯度为99.99%;陶瓷坩埚需经1 100℃灼烧2 h后,可使空白降至最小;硫元素最短分析时间为40 s,比较水平为5.00.     

高频红外吸收法测定银中的碳硫

作者采用高频红外吸收法同时测定Ag中的C和S,对试样的制备、助熔剂的选择、分析条件等进行了较详细的研究.方法快速、简便、灵敏度高,C、S的测定范围分别为0.002%～1%和0.002%～0.1%,对自己配制的合成样进行6次平行测定,其RSD分别为:C = 0.34%和S = 2.01%,C、S的回收率都在95%～105%,获得了满意的结果.