Electrochemical aspects of the Hybrid Sulfur Cycle for large scale hydrogen production

The Hybrid Sulfur Cycle is a thermo-electrochemical process designed for the large scale production of hydrogen. The two-step process is essentially based on water splitting using various sulfur species as intermediates. The limiting step in the overall process is the electrochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide to form sulphuric acid, which suffers from a substantial (∼0.4 V) anodic overpotential. Here we report on various aspects of sulfur dioxide oxidation in an acidic media including the effects of electrode preconditioning, the electrode substrate and electrolyte effects, the combination of which has allowed development of a sulfur dioxide oxidation mechanism which is described and discussed. Additionally, the electrochemical oxidation of sulfur dioxide has been shown to be an oscillating reaction, which is also a novel finding.     

FCC汽油加氢脱硫催化剂研究进展

介绍了国内外FCC汽油中硫存在形式、加氢脱硫反应原理以及研究进展。通过对加氢脱硫活性相结构和其与催化剂活性关系的分析,对不同加氢脱硫制备方法进行分析,对加氢脱硫催化剂的载体、活性组分、助剂方面加以分析,可知发展高活性、高选择性的催化剂仍是现今研究的热点。     

Electrochemical properties of lithium sulfur cells using PEO polymer electrolytes prepared under three different mixing conditions

Lithium sulfur cells were prepared by composing with sulfur cathode (PEO)₆LiBF₄ polymer electrolyte and lithium anode. (PEO)₆LiBF₄ polymer electrolyte was prepared under three different mixing conditions: stirred polymer electrolyte (SPE), ball-milled polymer electrolyte (BPE) and ball-milled polymer electrolyte with 10 wt%Al₂O₃ (BCPE). The effects of ball milling and additive were investigated by discharge test according to depth of discharge. The initial discharge capacity of lithium sulfur cell using BCPE was 1670 mAh g⁻¹-sulfur, which was better than those of SPE and BPE, and approximately equal to the theoretical capacity. The cycle performance of Li/(PEO)₆LiBF₄/S cell was remarkably improved by the addition of Al₂O_3.     

Thermal and chemical desulfurization of low sulfur coals

This paper describes desulfurization characteristics of low sulfur coals prior to combustion and optimum conditions of three different desulfurization processes. These processes include two thermal treatment processes (mild pyrolysis and air oxidation) and an H₂O₂ leaching process. Dual processes composed of thermal and leaching processes were also evaluated. Low sulfur coals employed were two imported bituminous coals and two domestic anthracite coals. The optimum reaction temperatures and times of the thermal processes were 500–550 °C and 15–20 minutes, respectively. The optimum condition for the leaching process was obtained when the experiment carried out for 60 min at 90 °C using 30% H₂O₂. The dual process showed the best sulfur removal efficiency as expected among the evaluated processes. This paper is dedicated to Professor Hyun-Ku Rhee on the occasion of his retirement from Seoul National University.     

羰基合成原料气中羰基硫、二氧化碳脱除技术的探讨

采用NHD工艺,在近4 MPa的压力下,将羰基合成原料气中的羰基硫与二氧化碳脱除。为降低能耗,进一步优化气体净化流程,设想采用变压吸附工艺,在进压缩机前将二氧化碳脱除。考察了羰基硫与二氧化碳在吸附剂上的选择性。     

异戊二烯含量对硫黄硫化丁基橡胶硫化特性的影响

本文主要通过无转子硫化仪研究异戊二烯含量对硫黄促进剂体系硫化丁基橡胶硫化特性及硫化动力学的影响。研究表明,在实验范围内,Ghoreishy动力学方程能较好地描述丁基橡胶硫磺硫化的行为。在相同硫化温度下,随着异戊二烯单元含量的增多,焦烧时间、正硫化时间逐渐缩短,交联密度明显增加,高温抗硫化返原性增强。随着硫黄用量的增多,丁基橡胶硫化胶的交联密度随硫黄用量呈线性增加,高异戊二烯含量的丁基橡胶硫黄硫化效率大幅度提高,反应级数增大,硫化活化能Ea明显降低,但异戊二烯含量从5.1mol.%增加到7mol.%时,硫黄硫化效率并未出现明显增加,Ea基本不变。     

高标准柴油加氢技术进展

为了生产高标准柴油,我国炼油企业加快了柴油产品质量升级的步伐。归纳了直馏柴油、焦化柴油和催化柴油中硫化物类型分布规律,介绍了噻吩类硫化合物的脱硫机理,回顾了国内外柴油加氢催化剂研究进展,对高标准柴油生产提出了建议。     

硫磺固化烯丙基环氧树脂的动力学研究

通过非等温和等温差式扫描量热法(DSC)对硫磺(S)固化2,2’-二烯丙基双酚A型环氧树脂(DADGEBA)的动力学进行了研究。从DSC曲线两个放热峰得知,DADGEBA/S体系是两步反应,通过等温DSC分析确定该体系在温度高于170℃低于210℃时满足Kamal自催化模型,通过非等温DSC确定该体系在温度高于210℃时,满足n级反应模型,得到了动力学模型的相关参数。DADGEAB/S体系在整个固化反应过程中满足两种动力学机理函数,这与DADGEBA/S体系双固化机理相符。     

考虑硫沉积的气井流入动态曲线特征

含硫气井在生产过程中,硫元素的沉积将降低储层孔隙度和渗透率,极大地破坏气井产能,此时常规气井产能计算模型已经不再适用。考虑硫元素在近井地带沉积引起的储层渗透率变化,将储层分为沉积区和非沉积区。基于渗流力学理论,建立了含硫气藏直井、直井压裂井在平面径向非达西稳定渗流条件下的二次三项式产能方程。通过分析硫沉积、启动压力梯度、裂缝长度、裂缝宽度对气井流入动态的影响,认为气井产能随硫沉积饱和度的增大而减小,但增长速度逐渐减小。气井无阻流量与启动压力梯度呈负相关关系。压裂措施能增大含硫气井产能,当气井产能受硫沉积影响较大时,可采取压裂的办法增产,必要时可用酸化压裂工艺,并对裂缝长度设计进行优选。     

高速非达西流动时元素硫沉积模型研究

元素硫沉积是含硫气藏开发过程中广泛存在而又必须解决的难题之一。高含硫气藏一旦投入开发，地层压力会逐步下降，使得元素硫溶解度下降而沉积下来，沉积的元素硫会堵塞地层孔隙，降低渗流通道，影响气井产能。考虑了高含硫气体在近井地带作高速非达西流动，建立了硫的沉积模型，并利用该模型对实际气藏进行预测和对比研究，再通过实例计算发现，硫非瞬时平衡沉积比瞬时平衡沉积对地层的伤害更严重，高速非达西流动沉积比达西流动时对地层伤害更严重，认为在开发高含硫气藏时，必须合理选择开发速度，有效防止元素硫沉积。