Smart firefighting construction in China: Status,problems, and reflections

“Smart firefighting” construction as a part of the “smart city” has been a concern of the public security and fire agencies at all levels. In this study, the status, problems, and reflections of “smart firefighting” construction in China are discussed. A recent survey indicates that China has launched its smart firefighting construction and initially created a new perspective on its regional smart firefighting work based on three main aspects: intelligent disaster perception by Internet of Things (IoT) construction, intelligent disaster prevention by big data construction, and intelligent disaster disposal by emergency rescue platform construction. However, the current smart firefighting construction in China still has some prominent problems such as the data interconnectivity and normalized management of various platforms, the extensibility of smart firefighting platforms, and the intelligent level of smart firefighting researches, which need to be solved urgently. Therefore, we argue that smart firefighting construction in China should establish data interconnectivity, industrial normalized management, 2D/3D geographic information interaction and extension, high-integration fire protection theory, and many other aspects in the near future and truly realize firefighting visualization and efficient data applications for 4D time space. This study could provide valuable reference for smart firefighting and smart city construction.     

如何维护古城风貌：从沈阳路清式一条街想到的

本文从城市的历史布局,规划要求。文物建筑保护,怎样发展旅游建筑,在建筑上如何创新等方面,对已经进行了部分建设的沈阳路清式一条街建设的可行性进行了探讨,并提出建设性意见。     

The morphology and structure of crystals in Qing Dynasty purple‐gold glaze excavated from the Forbidden City

Ancient Chinese purple‐gold glaze (zijinyou) is popular for its beautiful figuration, unique allure and fine craftsmanship. To understand the crystalline nature in the purple‐gold glaze, the morphology and structure of crystals precipitated in the glaze layer of purple‐gold glaze porcelain fired during the Qing Dynasty were characterized by a variety of methods combining X‐ray and electron‐based techniques. A large quantity of single‐phase twinning ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals with lengths of 1‐3 μm, widths of less than 1 μm, and thickness of approximately 150 nm are found dispersed across the glaze surface to a depth of approximately tens of micrometers. These crystals show stratification across the cross‐section of the purple glaze consisting of 4 sublayers according to the crystal size. The formation of ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals primarily contributed to the reddish‐brown tones of the purple‐gold glaze. The presence of anorthite, a strong reducing atmosphere during the firing process and the vitreous nature of the glaze influenced the growth of ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals. These results suggest the controllability of single‐phase ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals by identifying and understanding the underlying chemical processes in ancient Chinese crystalline glaze porcelain, and the findings will provide insights for modern material scientists in preparing ε‐Fe₂O₃ crystals with large sizes and high purities.     

故宫石质螭首健康状况无损检测及评估预研究

目的通过无损检测方法评估故宫石质螭首风化和安全程度。方法首先在现场选取6个螭首进行无损检测,获取各项风化指标(表面风化程度、裂缝大致情况、孔洞、回弹强度、酥粉质量)和安全等级指标(裂缝性质、裂缝数量等具体值,超声波波速、回弹强度)。在实验室模拟风化、破损试验,建立超声波波速、回弹强度与抗折强度的曲线关系。最后通过德尔菲法建立评价体系,采用加权平均法获得各螭首的风化等级、安全等级。结果石材的抗折强度、超声波波速和回弹强度的曲线关系式为fk=0.0004V~(0.4393)R~(2.9302)。确定了6个螭首的风化程度和安全状况水平,其中构件2的表面风化程度最弱、最安全;构件6的安全情况最差,急需采取有效防范措施。结论该无损检测和健康程度评估研究方法是一种简单、快速、可量化的评价方法,其成果可用于石质文物健康状况的检测和评估工程,以获得其风化等级、安全等级,并作为文物管理决策的依据。     

南通市河网格局特征及水环境响应

对南通市河网景观格局与地表水污染的关系进行探讨。在对南通市的河网景观格局进行定性分析的基础上,设计并定量计算了南通市河网景观格局指标,据此分析了不同排污功能河流的景观格局特点:①就污染程度来说,工业排污河流最为严重,生活排污河流次之,农业排污河流水质最好;②就河流污染物分布来说,工业排污河流最不均匀,生活排污河流次之,农业排污河流最为均匀。这与实测分析结果基本一致,说明城市河网景观格局是影响污染物分布、运移的主要因素之一。     

常熟市望虞河西岸地区排水通道问题

引江济太工程的实施使太湖流域望虞河西岸的水环境问题更加凸现,引水期间大量污水没有出路,造成局部地区水环境恶化;污水的汇入使得引江济太工程不能充分发挥作用。从区域控制的角度,以常熟市望虞河西岸地区为例,建立研究区域的感潮河网水量水质模型,提出相应的排水出路,对研究区域的截污方案进行研究。     

基于多尺度相关向量机的城市日用水量预测

为提高日用水量预测精度,提出一种基于多尺度相关向量机的预测模型。通过静态小波分解将用水量非平稳时间序列分解为不同尺度的平稳时间序列,然后在分解后的各子序列分别建立相关向量机回归模型进行预测,最后通过小波逆变换将各子序列预测结果整合得出原始用水量时间序列的预测值。在实例分析中分别利用多尺度关联向量机模型和单尺度相关向量机预测模型对实际用水量进行预测分析。结果表明,前者具有更高的预测精度,可应用于城市日用水量的预测。     

1960-2013年宝鸡市降水变化特征分析

为正确认识宝鸡市降水变化特征,以1960-2013年宝鸡各气象站点逐日降水量实测值为基础,综合运用气候倾向率、累积距平法、Morlet小波函数以及R/S分析法对研究区降水量的时间变化特征进行诊断分析。研究结果表明:近54 a宝鸡市平均降水量总体呈减少趋势,夏、冬两季降水量增加,春、秋两季降水量减少。降水量呈现大小尺度相互嵌套的周期变化趋势,年降水特征时间尺度为32、12、6以及4 a,季节降水存在4~7、10~17以及24~32 a的变化周期。未来宝鸡降水变化趋势与过去变化趋势相一致,年以及春、秋两季降水仍将呈现减少态势,夏、冬两季降水则继续呈增加态势。此外,影响夏季降水系统发展变化的因素最为复杂。     

台阶式岸线在富大有堤岸线整治工程中的应用

城市防洪工程中临河堤防设计一般存在施工场地小、施工导流困难、需考虑城市景观要求等问题。基于抛石碾压基床的台阶式岸线具有施工场地要求小、无需施工导流、可结合城市景观灵活布置等优点,本文介绍了台阶式岸线在富大有堤遗留问题（岸线整治）工程中的应用,可供类似的城市防洪工程参考和借鉴。     

止水不良孔导致地下水串层污染的机制研究——以衡水某试验孔为例

华北平原长期存在"上咸下淡"的水质格局,近年来,咸水下移问题不断威胁深层淡水资源。根据衡水市某止水不良孔(GK井)修复前后其周边观测孔(XK4井)内水质变化情况,通过构建考虑钻孔串层污染的溶质运移模型,对止水不良孔作为优势通道引导咸水下移的机制进行了研究。结果表明:原本水力联系微弱的相邻含水层通过止水不良孔发生了越流,上层咸水在水头差作用下沿井管下移,经滤水管进入淡水层,导致下层淡水迅速咸化;GK井在14个月内形成的污染晕半径为20~75 m,导致XK4井地下淡水矿化度在5个月内升高约5倍;GK井封填后,污染物在水动力作用下发生扩散、稀释,被污染淡水在4个月后又恢复至原有浓度。止水不良孔造成的串层污染不容小觑,应及时发现及早治理。