东京大学教育状况调查

东京大学以＂培育具有开阔视野同时兼备高度的专业知识和理解力、洞察力、实践力、想象力,且拥有国际性和开拓精神的各领域的领导者,在尊重学生的个性和学习权利的同时,追求世界最高水平的教育＂为教育目标。本文通过对东京大学教育目标、课程体系、教师、教材的调查和分析,研究了东京大学为实现教育目标所做的努力,试图为中国大学的教育改革提供一些科学的参考和启示。     

Changing Building Sites: Industrialisation and Automation of the Building Process

The introduction of robotics in construction is part of a much longer history of industrialisation and automation on the building site. Thomas Bock of the Technical University of Munich and Silke Langenberg of the University of Applied Sciences, Munich, highlight how the Industrial Revolution and the development of a transport infrastructure in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe first triggered the shift in the building trade from a largely localised industry into a national and mechanised one, leading to the highly advanced automated construction techniques that continue to be developed in Japan and other Asian countries to this day.     

How Can Code be Used to Address Spatiality in Architecture?

Is code entirely incompatible with an intuitive exploration of space? Leon van Schaik, Professor of Architecture (Innovation Chair) at RMIT University thinks so. He contests the usefulness of the data-crunching capacity of the computer to truthfully model human flows. Moreover, he flags up a concern that an overemphasis on computation could lead architects to neglect an awareness of the place of their own spatial histories in the world, causing them to impose their own subconscious preferences on their clients.     

Patterns,Fabrics, Prototypes,Tessellations

New technologies have enabled architects to develop sophisticated patterning techniques. This is epitomised by the expressive possibilities now available to the building envelope: smooth geometries, tessellation, material textures and layers, such as solar shading. For Alejandro Zaera-Polo of Foreign Office Architects, though, patterns have cultural and political possibilities far beyond mere decoration, enabling new practices to address in the urban context some of the crucial problems posed by globalisation: bridging the dichotomy between tabula rasa and contextualism, and the articulation between the local and global. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Life of Space

The digital has revolutionised the notion of space that was formulated on the two-dimensional page in the Renaissance with the discovery of perspective and the printing press. Derrick de Kerckhove and Antonio Tursi explore how our ideas about space have been overturned since the onset of the computer and the many different ways that architects are reinterpreting them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Cynara cardunculus extracts

The whole, fresh involucral bracts of cardoon, Cynara cardunculus L. (Compositae), were extracted with EtOH and an aqueous suspension of the obtained EtOH extract was partitioned successively with CHCl₃, EtOAc and n-BuOH, leaving a residual water extract. All obtained extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The antioxidant potential was evaluated using following in vitro methods: FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, and scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Antimicrobial activity was estimated using a microdilution technique against food-borne, mycotoxin producers and human pathogenic bacteria and micromycetes. The following bacteria were tested: Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, as well as micromycetes: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium funiculosum, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium tricinctum and Alternaria alternata. Results showed that all extracts possessed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. In biological assays, C. cardunculus extracts showed antimicrobial activity comparable with standard antibiotics.     

Advanced Water Treatment System of the Bureau of Waterworks,Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Since 1992, the Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government (BWT) has introduced the advanced water treatment process, which is composed of ozonation and biological activated carbon treatment, within its service areas in a phased manner. The entire amount of water from the Tone River system has been treated by the advanced water treatment since 2014. The BWT currently has a capacity to treat approximately 5.5 million m³ per day using the advanced water treatment process. This report describes the progress of advanced water treatment facilities, the ozonation method, and the characteristic ozone diffusion devices used in Tokyo.     

东京空间政策中的成长管理策略研究及其借鉴

日本向东京的一极化集中的现象,激化了东京都的混乱局面,扩大了地区间的差异,城市问题也日趋严峻。为此,东京都成立了“东京集中问题调查委员会”,制定了宗旨在解决东京都过度集中问题的成长管理策略。东京都的成长管理策略,对于目前处于高度成长期的中国城市来说,具有一定的借鉴作用。     

City-block-scale sensitivity of electricity consumption to air temperature and air humidity in business districts of Tokyo,Japan

The sensitivity of electricity consumption to air temperature and air humidity are effective indicators in evaluating the impacts of countermeasures against urban heat islands. The impacts of these countermeasures vary in time and space and so sensitivities based on finer resolution data are needed. Using actual hourly electric power consumption data from the business districts of Tokyo, we calculated the sensitivity of electric power consumption using multiple regression analysis. The sensitivities appear from 07:00 to 23:00 local standard time (LST) during weekdays during both winter and summer, mainly from 09:00 to 17:00 LST. The sensitivities to air temperature during winter are approximately 0.7–1.1 (W/floor-m²)/°C on an average and those during summer are approximately 1.1–1.4 on an average; the sensitivities to air humidity are approximately 0.6–0.9 on an average. It was found that the sensitivities to air temperature are caused due to heating during winter and cooling during summer; further, the sensitivities to air humidity were caused by dehumidification not for conditioning the air humidity of the room but for the condensation around the air-conditioner's coils with cooling during summer.     

Defining Distinction,or Four Good Reasons for Success: The Extraordinary Career of Renzo Piano

For 30 years, Renzo Piano has been producing distinguished buildings and delighting the world with his innovation and sensitivity. Here, Livio Sacchi attempts to tease out some of the reasons behind Piano's sustained success. Having gained an almost unparalleled international profile during the last couple of decades, a period that has been notoriously difficult for Italian architects, Piano's career has an almost mythic quality. It boasts one of the most unlikely competition wins of all time that ceded one of the most prestigious sites in the world, the Centre Pompidou in Paris, to two completely unknown architects in their late 20s. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.