The oxidation of benzene under conditions encountered in waste incinerators

The oxidation of benzene was studied as a function of residence time (τ_res=0–2.5 s), temperature (850–960 K), and oxygen concentration (O₂=0.2–2.3%) in a heated laminar flow reactor at atmospheric pressure. Nitrogen, doped with 350 ppm benzene, was injected downstream of the burned gas from a near stoichiometric flame of methane + air. Gas samples were taken at different heights up the reactor and analyzed using GC-FID/TCD and HPLC techniques. Phenol and partially oxidized hydrocarbons such as acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein were found with concentrations up to 50 ppm. At relatively low temperatures, the conversion of benzene was observed to proceed considerably more slowly at higher oxygen concentrations. Measured concentration profiles were modeled using detailed reaction schemes. A modified mechanism for the oxidation of benzene called BenWas was constructed from the mechanism of Zhang and McKinnon (Combust. Sci. Technol. 107 (1995) 261) by incorporating a submechanism for benzoquinone (OC₆H₄O) and by updating and enlarging the reaction scheme of cyclopentadiene (C₅H₆). The agreement between observed and predicted concentration profiles, e.g., of phenol (C₆H₅OH), acetylene (C₂H₂), and carbon monoxide (CO), was considerably improved by the use of the BenWas mechanism for rich and lean conditions, mainly due to the introduction of an additional pathway for phenyl oxidation (C₆H₅ + O₂ = OC₆H₄O + H) and due to the changed kinetics of the oxidation of cyclopentadienyl (C₅H₅) in C₅H₅ + O₂ = C₅H₄O + OH. The measured retardation of benzene oxidation with higher amounts of oxygen can be explained by the formation and reactions of peroxy radicals.     

Oxidative dimerisation of methane on a supported Pd-Ag catalyst using a diffusion controlled ceramic wall reactor

Supported palladium-silver oxides were used as catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane by molecular oxygen in a tubular reactor with ceramic wall separation. The ceramic wall controls the O₂ supply in the catalyst bed. The results indicate that the reactor configuration can play an important role in methane oxidation. C₂H₆, C₂H₄, CO₂ and H₂O were obtained at temperatures less than 300 °C. At this temperature any contribution from homogeneous gas phase reaction can be ruled out.     

EFFECT OF SUSPENDED FIBRES ON MACRO-MIXING AND MICRO-MIXING IN A STIRRED TANK REACTOR

The effects of suspended fibre on macroscale and microscale mixing in a small stirred tank reactor were studied under batch conditions using the competitive, consecutive azo coupling between 1-naphthol and diazotized sulfanilic acid. The mixing quality was determined from the distribution between the mono and bis substituted reaction products. Nylon (2 and 3 millimeters in length) and fully bleached softwood kraft pulp (FBK) fibre suspensions were examined at volumetric concentrations up to the limit that complete suspension motion could be maintained in the vessel at impellet rotational speeds of 7 and 10s^-1. The adsorption of the product dyes on the fibre was found to be proportional or very nearly proportional to their concentrations in the aqueous phase and did not interfere with the assessment of mixing in the suspension.

Suspended fibres were found to slightly increase the 'critical feed time' of the diazotized sulfanilic acid, corresponding to an increase in the macromixing or bulk blend lime of the vessel. Continued increase in the fibre concentration led to the formation of a well mixed cavern centered on the impeller and the creation of stagnant regions adjacent to the vessel walls. The departure from the Newtonian fibre-free case is due to changes in the flow through and distribution of the energy dissipative regions in the vessel. The most effective location for chemical addition to ensure good microscale mixing remains in the impeller vicinity.     

ESTIMATION OF EFFECTIVE SHEAR RATE FOR AERATED NON-NEWTONIAN LIQUIDS IN AIRLIFT BIOREACTOR”“

Effective shear rate is one of the indispensable parameters for the design of aerobic fermentors using a viscous non-Newtonian system. The estimation of effective shear rate in airlift loop bioreactors has been investigated with liquid circulation velocity. An empirical correlation of effective shear rate in airlift loop reactors is proposed.

γ_eπ= 3.26-3.51 ; 10²U_G + 1.48 10⁴U²_G

It is found that the effective shear rate is lower in airlift reactors than in bubble columns. This equation can be used for the cultivation of cells sensitive to shear stress.     

交流输电线路静止无功补偿器(SVC)控制系统

静止无功补偿器(SVC)系统是目前世界上柔性交流电输电系统发展的一个重要方向,具有增加输电网络的传输容量,提高输电网络运行稳定性等优点,相对传统的无功补偿方法更具有实时性和精确性。根据无功补偿的原理分析了SVC的基本组成和工作原理,提出SVC控制系统的基本模型,给出模型中各模块的主要功能,同时从整体运行的角度提出了控制系统的保护措施。     

对于1m管式间接蒸发冷却器冷却效果测试与分析

简述了管式间接蒸发冷却器的原理结构,并对管式间接蒸发冷却器的换热管管长设置为1 m,在不同二次/一次风量比的条件下对风量、温度、相对湿度、温降参数等进行实验测试,与1.5 m管式间接蒸发冷却器进行测试对比.测试结果表明,1 m管式间接蒸发冷却器二次/一次空气风量比为0.75时,湿球效率较高为55.6％.对影响降温效果的因素进行简要的分析,与1.5 m管式间接蒸发冷却器进行对比分析,提出在条件允许的前提下优先采用1.5 m管式间接蒸发冷却器.     

Hydrogen atom density in a solar plasma reactor

A density of neutral hydrogen atoms was systematically measured in the MESOX solar plasma reactor at different MW powers and flow rates. The H-atom density was measured by a gold fibre optics catalytic probe. The H-atom density was in general increasing with increasing MW power. At a pressure of 40 Pa and a power of 500 W it was about 3.5 × 10²¹ m⁻³ and at a power of 1000 W it was about 4.1 × 10²¹ m⁻³. A degree of dissociation of hydrogen molecules was between 3% and 20% depending on pressure and power. A maximum degree of dissociation was obtained at a pressure of 40 Pa and 1000 W, while the lowest one at 130 Pa and 500 W.     

制革废水快速启动UASB反应器

制革废水是一类污染负荷很高的工业废水,由于其自身的特点,利用高效的厌氧处理技术处理高负荷的制革废水还是一个新的研究领域。本文简单综述了几种制革废水快速启动UASB反应器的技术和研究,力争对UASB工艺在制革废水处理方面的实际应用起到指导作用。     

198 L分段式内循环气升式反应器混合特性的研究

对１９８Ｌ的内循环式气升气应器的进行内导筒的分段,并研究混合特性,流体的循环速度有所增加,当Ｓ／Ｄｃ为１．４时,液体混合时间最短。     

复合兼香型口子窖酒典型风格的研讨（Ⅰ）

通过多种分析方法对复合兼香型口子窖酒和各香型及黄淮地区各名酒酒样的香味组合含量、组分相互间量比关系进行了分析对比,并对实验数据用SPSS软件进行了统计分析.确认了复合兼香型口子窖酒香味组分含量及量比关系明显有别于其它酒类,的确独树一帜、风格独特,具有浓郁的地域特色.