城市热岛效应对我国不同气候区既有居住建筑采暖空调能耗的影响研究

选取严寒地区、寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区和夏热冬暖地区的9个城市典型气象年数据为基准,采用TRNSYS对某实际居住建筑的采暖空调能耗进行了模拟计算。结果表明：同一个气候区的居住建筑采暖能耗降低率与热岛强度呈现出良好的线性关系,空调能耗的增加率与热岛强度的线性关系则不明显。夏热冬暖地区,居住建筑仅为空调能耗,受热岛效应影响总能耗增长率约为8.55%/0.5℃;夏热冬冷地区,热岛效应带来的空调能耗增加和采暖能耗降低相差不大,总能耗基本保持不变;严寒和寒冷地区,居住建筑以采暖能耗为主,受热岛效应影响总能耗降低率分别约为1.74%/0.5℃和2.97%/0.5℃。     

The effect of Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort in the city of Baghdad

Todays, most Iraqi cities suffer from extremely hot-dry climate for long periods throughout the year. However, most urban patterns that exist inside these cities are not suitable for this harsh conditions and lead to an increase in the value of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) index. Consequently, this will increase outdoor human thermal discomfort as well as energy consumption and air pollution in cities. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of UHI mitigation strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort in three different common types of urban patterns in the biggest and most populated city in Iraq, Baghdad. Three different mitigation strategies are used here – vegetation, cool materials, and urban geometry – to build 18 different scenarios. Three-dimensional numerical software ENVI-met 4.2 is utilised to analyse and assess the studied parameters. The input data for simulations process are based on two meteorological stations in Baghdad: Iraqi Meteorological Organization & Seismology, and Iraqi Agrometeorological Network. All measurements are taken in a pedestrian walkway. The results of different scenarios are compared based on their effect on human thermal comfort. Outdoor thermal comfort is assessed according to Predicted Mean Vote index, as mentioned in ISO 7730 standard. This study provides a better understanding of the role of UHI mitigation strategies on human thermal comfort in the outdoor spaces of Baghdad's residential neighbourhoods. This can help generate guidelines of urban design and planning practices for better thermal performance in hot and dry cities.     

Urban heat island characteristics in London during winter

This paper presents results characterising the urban heat island intensity (UHI) in London during the peak winter season. Most UHI studies focus on the phenomenon during the summer as this is the period when temperature peaks are observed. However, for urban planning mitigation strategies and building energy demand design, the heating season should be also considered, since proposed measures to alleviate the summer UHI might have a negative effect during the winter or intermediate seasons.The study carries out trend and regression analysis by controlling climatic and geographical variations in the data set following a methodology developed for studying summer UHI [Kolokotroni, M., Giridharan, R., 2008. Urban heat island intensity in London: an investigation of the impact of physical characteristics on changes in outdoor air temperature during summer. Solar Energy 82, 986-998]. It was found that average nocturnal UHI of winter periods are of similar magnitude to the summer periods but the peak winter UHI trends are not as regular as summer giving a first indication that the effect of climate and urban parameters is different. The regression analysis in this research uses six on-site variables namely aspect ratio, surface albedo, plan density ratio, green density ratio, fabric density ratio and thermal mass to carry out impact investigation in six data sets, categorised by three geographical location within London and three sky conditions and regional wind velocity. The above variables do not explain the changes in outdoor temperature as much as they did during summer period models. However, unlike summer, the winter climate control models have the same R² indicating that most of changes in outdoor temperature are caused by climate factors and not the on-site variables.     

减弱热岛强度的城市形态布局关键参数与响应机制

基于天津市1992-2013年7景夏季TM遥感影像,分别提取城市形态与反演城市热岛强度,利用ArcGIS与MATLAB等大数据分析计算软件,定量研究城市形态布局与热岛强度的响应机制与参数曲线,提出了热岛强度双指标测度的概念算法,即最高热岛升温和热岛升温总量.结果表明:热岛强度随着城市形态面积的增大而上升,总体上城市形态总面积与最高热岛升温、热岛升温总量都呈线性关系;城市形态离散度和临近度,与最高热岛升温不存在明显相关性,而与热岛升温总量呈线性关系;斑块面积与热岛强度呈正相关,50 km2以上的斑块,面积与最高热岛升温呈线性关系,与热岛升温总量呈二次曲线关系;周长面积比与热岛强度呈负相关,与最高热岛升温成S曲线关系,当介于[0.005,0.04]时则与最高热岛升温呈四次曲线关系;斑块分维数与热岛强度呈正相关关系,与最高热岛升温呈线性关系,与热岛升温总量呈三次曲线关系.     

Air quality influenced by urban heat island coupled with synoptic weather patterns

Few studies have discussed the association between the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and air quality under synoptic weather patterns conducive to UHI. In this study, the authors used statistical analyses to study this association in the Taichung metropolis region. The air quality data obtained from government-owned observation stations and wind field profiles obtained from tethersonde monitoring (performed during 21-29 October 2004) were combined with the simulations of the horizontal wind fields at different heights by the air pollution model (TAPM).The results show that certain specific synoptic weather patterns worsen the air quality and induce the UHI phenomenon: Taichung's UHI appears clearly under the synoptic weather patterns featuring light air or breezes (0.56 m/s ≤ wind speed < 2.2 m/s) mainly from the north and west. Furthermore, under these weather patterns, the concentrations of air pollutants (NO₂, CO₂ and CO) increase significantly (P < 0.05) with the UHI intensity. The convergence usually associated with nocturnal UHI causes the accumulation of O₃ precursors, as well as other air pollutants, thereby worsening the air quality at that time and also during the following daytime period.     

Remote sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between urban heat island and land use/cover changes

Global warming has obtained more and more attention because the global mean surface temperature has increased since the late 19th century. As more than 50% of the human population lives in cities, urbanization has become an important contributor for global warming. Pearl River Delta (PRD) in Guangdong Province, southern China, is one of the regions experiencing rapid urbanization that has resulted in remarkable Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which will be sure to influence the regional climate, environment, and socio-economic development. In this study, Landsat TM and ETM+ images from 1990 to 2000 in the PRD were selected to retrieve the brightness temperatures and land use/cover types. A new index, Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI), was proposed to extract bare land from the satellite images. Additionally, Shenzhen, which has experienced the fastest urbanization in Guangdong Province, was taken as an example to analyze the temperature distribution and changes within a large city as its size expanded in the past decade. Results show that the UHI effect has become more prominent in areas of rapid urbanization in the PRD region. The spatial distribution of heat islands has been changed from a mixed pattern, where bare land, semi-bare land and land under development were warmer than other surface types, to extensive UHI. Our analysis showed that higher temperature in the UHI was located with a scattered pattern, which was related to certain land-cover types. In order to analyze the relationship between UHI and land-cover changes, this study attempted to employ a quantitative approach in exploring the relationship between temperature and several indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) and Normalized Difference Build-up Index (NDBI). It was found that correlations between NDVI, NDWI, NDBaI and temperature are negative when NDVI is limited in range, but positive correlation is shown between NDBI and temperature.     

Characterizing the impact of urban morphology heterogeneity on land surface temperature in Guangzhou,China

The urban morphology is regarded as one of the main reasons for urban heat island (UHI). However, its effect on UHI in city-scale urban areas has seldom been examined. In this paper, we presented a rule-based regression model for investigating the nonlinear relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and urban morphology represented by building height, building density and sky view factor (SVF) across different dates in 2005. Results found that an urban morphology of medium building height and lower density significantly yielded higher LST variation levels, whereas the lowest LST variation levels occurred in high-rise and high-dense building arrays. Compared to building height, building density had a stronger influence on LST. Medium SVF values produced the lowest LST, whereas the largest and smallest SVF values produced the highest LST. Results also showed how rule-based regression model offer great performance in detecting the nonlinear mechanisms of LST as well.     

减弱热岛强度的城市形态布局关键参数与响应机制

基于天津市1992—2013年7景夏季TM遥感影像,分别提取城市形态与反演城市热岛强度,利用ArcGIS与MATLAB等大数据分析计算软件,定量研究城市形态布局与热岛强度的响应机制与参数曲线,提出了热岛强度双指标测度的概念算法,即最高热岛升温和热岛升温总量。结果表明:热岛强度随着城市形态面积的增大而上升,总体上城市形态总面积与最高热岛升温、热岛升温总量都呈线性关系;城市形态离散度和临近度,与最高热岛升温不存在明显相关性,而与热岛升温总量呈线性关系;斑块面积与热岛强度呈正相关,50km2以上的斑块,面积与最高热岛升温呈线性关系,与热岛升温总量呈二次曲线关系;周长面积比与热岛强度呈负相关,与最高热岛升温成S曲线关系,当介于[0.005,0.04]时则与最高热岛升温呈四次曲线关系;斑块分维数与热岛强度呈正相关关系,与最高热岛升温呈线性关系,与热岛升温总量呈三次曲线关系。     

Local Climates of the City

A specialist in urban effects on climate, particularly the heat island effect, Iain D Stewart is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Geography at the University of British Columbia (UBC). Here he describes how the emergence of ‘borderless’, ‘patchwork’ and ‘polynucleated’ cities has led climatologists to develop a new classification system of urban landscapes. The system divides cities into local climate zones (LCZs) according to their surface structure, cover, fabric and metabolism.     

上海城市热岛效应与绿地系统建设研究

上海作为我国东部沿海城市化高度发达的城市,其城市热岛效应在近年来有减弱的趋势。该文分析了这一趋势与近年来上海城市绿地建设的关系,提出了减轻热岛效应的城市绿地建设措施,并对上海市绿地系统的构建作了初步探讨。