Molecular‐Level Design of Hierarchically Porous Carbons Codoped with Nitrogen and Phosphorus Capable of In Situ Self‐Activation for Sustainable Energy Systems

Hierarchically porous carbons are attracting tremendous attention in sustainable energy systems, such as lithium ion battery (LIB) and fuel cell, due to their excellent transport properties that arise from the high surface area and rich porosity. The state‐of‐the‐art approaches for synthesizing hierarchically porous carbons normally require chemical‐ and/or template‐assisted activation techniques, which is complicate, time consuming, and not feasible for large scale production. Here, a molecular‐level design principle toward large‐scale synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus codoped hierarchically porous carbon (NPHPC) through an in situ self‐activation process is proposed. The material is fabricated based on the direct pyrolysis of a well‐designed polymer, melamine polyphosphate, which is capable of in situ self‐activation to generate large specific surface area (1479 m² g^?1) and hierarchical pores in the final NPHPC. As an anode material for LIB, NPHPC delivers a high reversible capacity of 1073 mAh g^?1 and an excellent cyclic stability for 300 cycles with negligible capacity decay. The peculiar structural properties and synergistic effect of N and P codopants also enable NPHPC a promising electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction, a key cathodic reaction process of many energy conversion devices (for example, fuel cells and metal air batteries). Electrochemical measurements show NPHPC a comparable electrocatalytic performance to commercial Pt/C catalyst (onset potential of 0.88 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode in alkaline medium) with excellent stability (89.8% retention after 20 000 s continuous operation) and superior methanol tolerance.     

In Situ Bioorthogonal Metabolic Labeling for Fluorescence Imaging of Virus Infection In Vivo

Optical fluorescence imaging is an important strategy to explore the mechanism of virus–host interaction. However, current fluorescent tag labeling strategies often dampen viral infectivity. The present study explores an in situ fluorescent labeling strategy in order to preserve viral infectivity and precisely monitor viral infection in vivo. In contrast to pre‐labeling strategy, mice are first intranasally infected with azide‐modified H5N1 pseudotype virus (N₃‐H5N1p), followed by injection of dibenzocyclooctyl (DBCO)‐functionalized fluorescence 6 h later. The results show that DBCO dye directly conjugated to N₃‐H5N1p in lung tissues through in vivo bioorthogonal chemistry with high specificity and efficacy. More remarkably, in situ labeling rather than conventional prelabeling strategy effectively preserves viral infectivity and immunogenicity both in vitro and in vivo. Hence, in situ bioorthogonal viral labeling is a promising and reliable strategy for imaging and tracking viral infection in vivo.     

Silica shell-assisted synthetic route for mono-disperse persistent nanophosphors with enhanced in vivo recharged near-infrared persistent luminescence

Near-infrared (NIR) persistent-luminescence nanoparticles have emerged as a new class of background-free contrast agents that are promising for in vivo imaging.The next key roadblock is to establish a robust and controllable method for synthesizing monodisperse nanoparticles with high luminescence brightness and long persistent duration.Herein,we report a synthesis strategy involving the coating/etching of the SiO2 shell to obtain a new class of small NIR highly persistent luminescent ZnGa2O4∶Cr3+,Sn4+ (ZGOCS) nanoparticles.The optimized ZGOCS nanoparticles have an excellent size distribution of ～15 nm without any agglomeration and an NIR persistent luminescence that is enhanced by a factor of 13.5,owing to the key role of the SiO2 shell in preventing nanoparticle agglomeration after annealing.The ZGOCS nanoparticles have a signal-to-noise ratio ～3 times higher than that of previously reported ZnGa2O4∶Cr3+ (ZGC-1) nanoparticles as an NIR persistent-luminescence probe for in vivo bioimaging.Moreover,the persistent-luminescence signal from the ZGOCS nanoparticles can be repeatedly re-charged in situ with external excitation by a white lightemitting diode;thus,the nanoparticles are suitable for long-term in vivo imaging applications.Our study suggests an improved strategy for fabricating novel high-performance optical nanoparticles with good biocompatibility.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In situ</Emphasis> synthesis of graphene oxide/gold nanorods theranostic hybrids for efficient tumor computed tomography imaging and photothermal therapy

Graphene oxide/gold nanorod (GO/GNR) nanohybrids were synthesized with a GO- and gold-seed-mediated in situ growth method at room temperature by mixing polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) functionalized GO, secondary growth solution, and gold seeds. Compared with ex situ preparation methods of GO/GNRs or graphene (G)/GNRs, the in situ synthesis of GO/GNRs addressed the issue of the aggregation of the GNRs before their attachment onto the GO. The method is straightforward and environment-friendly. The GO/GNRs showed a remarkable photothermal effect in vitro. The temperature of the GO/GNR nanohybrids increased from 25 to 49.9 °C at a concentration of 50 μg/mL after irradiation with an 808-nm laser (0.4 W/cm²) for 6 min. Additionally, the GO/GNRs exhibited good optical and morphological stability and photothermal properties after six cycles of laser irradiation. Upon injection of the GO/GNRs into xenograft tumors, excellent computed tomography (CT) imaging properties and photothermal effect were obtained. The preclinical CT agent iohexol was combined with the GO/GNRs and further enhanced CT imaging. Therefore, the GO/GNR nanohybrids have great potential for precise CT-image-guided tumor photothermal treatment.

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Flexible job-shop scheduling with flexible workdays,preemption, overlapping in operations and satisfaction criteria: an industrial application

This paper addresses a real scheduling problem, namely, a complex flexible job-shop scheduling problem (FJSP) with special characteristics (flexible workdays, preemption and overlapping in operations), where the objective is to maximise a satisfaction criterion defined through goal programming. To allow for flexible workdays, the solution representation of the classical FJSP is extended to consider overtime decisions and a sequence of time-cell states, which is used to model resource capability. A new temporal-constraint-handling method is proposed to solve the problem of overlapping in operations in a flexible-workday environment. Three solution methods are proposed to solve this scheduling problem: a heuristic method based on priority rules, a goal-guided tabu search (GGTS) and an extended genetic algorithm (EGA). In the GGTS, the neighbourhood functions are defined based on elimination approaches, and five possible neighbourhood functions (N0???N1???N2???N3???N4) are presented. The effectiveness and efficiency of the three solution methods are verified using dedicated benchmark instances. Computational simulations and comparisons indicate that the proposed N4-based GGTS demonstrates performance competitive with that of the EGA and the GGTSs based on the other neighbourhood functions (N0, N1, N2 and N3) for solving the scheduling problem.     

NIM反射试验场电性能评估核心技术研究

评测中国计量科学研究院(NIM)新建反射试验场测试装置的准确性,需要足够准确的基准值。通过分析对比矩量法模型与实测模型,设计制作了一种小馈源偶极子天线,根据矩量法准确性与收发天线间距无关这一特性的近场法,分析了近场法在实测中的误差缩减效应,然后据此验证了基准值的准确性(在30 MHz~1 GHz频段24个典型频率点的场地插入损耗偏差小于0.22 dB,相当于天线系数误差小于0.11 dB)。在30 MHz~1 GHz频段10 m距离条件下对NIM新建测试装置的评测结果为:在24个典型频点,水平极化时偏差小于0.26 dB,垂直极化时偏差小于0.34 dB;在频率间隔1 MHz的扫频范围内,垂直极化时偏差小于0.6 dB。