Multiple evaluations of the removal of pollutants in road runoff by soil infiltration

Groundwater replenishment by infiltration of road runoff is expected to be a promising option for ensuring a sustainable urban water cycle. In this study, we performed a soil infiltration column test using artificial road runoff equivalent to approximately 11-12 years of rainfall to evaluate the removal of pollutants by using various chemical analyses and bioassay tests. These results indicated that soil infiltration treatment works effectively to remove most of the pollutants such as organic matter (chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), P species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), numerous heavy metals and oestrogenic activities. Bioassay tests, including algal growth inhibition test, Microtox and mutagen formation potential (MFP) test, also revealed effective removal of toxicities by the soils. However, limited amounts of NO3, Mn, Ni, alkaline earth metals, perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulphonamide (FOSA) were removed by the soils and they possibly reach the groundwater and cause contamination.     

城中村改造之中医疗法——深圳新围村综合整治策略研究

以深圳南山区新围村为改造案例,简要阐述中医辩证疗法原理在城中村（旧村）改造过程中的实际应用,为城中村（旧村）改造在多种途径、方法上作了一种创新改造模式的尝试。     

城市规划管理中微波通道控制方法

简要介绍了微波通信技术和微波通道保护图的绘制依据,根据微波传播特性与光的传播特性相似的原理,提出了利用测量中有关觇标高计算公式和微波通道计算公式进行微波天线高度计算的方法,推导出确定微波通道保护参数的公式,并结合实践给出应用示例。     

是理想还是空想:战后广西《实验市建设计划草案》评析

1945年抗日战争胜利后,中国为落实《都市计划法》,展开了近代时期较为全面的城市规划制定工作。或因时代变化或因规划本身等原因,多数规划文件被束之高阁,至今尚未被学术界提及的战后广西实验市规划即为其中之一。论文从城市规划史角度,以邱致中编制的战后广西桂邕柳梧《实验市建设计划草案》为研究对象,在考察其背景及缘起的基础上,分析了《实验市建设计划草案》的规划内容、特征及思想,为今日深化补充战后重建的近代城市规划史研究,正确理解城市规划的理想与空想,提供历史性信息与思考。     

从青浦到嘉定 大都市无序蔓延中的先进规划

随着空前规模与速度的城市化进程,在上个十年中,上海周边的乡村地区发生了惊人的变化。在离散化的政策下,许多新城与郊区依次落成。每一个地区独特的物质条件与规章制度形成新区难以预计的多样性,同时也造成空间与功能性品质的多样化。大多数新区都依据标准步骤进行开发。一些试点新城的开发通过文本形式在西方设计师的帮助下适应中国的规范;另一些新城与街区由来自中国的新锐建筑师与规划师设计。本文主要介绍嘉定与青浦区的发展成果。     

林中的舞蹈 上海嘉定新城紫气东来公园设计回顾

紫气东来公园是嘉定新城的中心景观。设计的重点是推进公共空间的可持续性和吸引不同年龄、不同兴趣和不同日程的人群,使公园成为一年四季、一周七天、一天二十四小时都对当地居民和外来游客具有吸引力的地方。设计从调整过境交通入手,增强公园空间的连续性并创造生态走廊。公园共分为5个区,活动内容与周边的用地性质相匹配。设计中强调超越可持续性的三重底线,将丰富多变的空间体验与基地的自然环境和嘉定的丰富文化传统相结合,犹如＂林中的舞蹈＂,在嘉定新城的中心创造一条独具个性的景观轴线。     

Comparison of different uncertainty techniques in urban stormwater quantity and quality modelling

Urban drainage models are important tools used by both practitioners and scientists in the field of stormwater management. These models are often conceptual and usually require calibration using local datasets. The quantification of the uncertainty associated with the models is a must, although it is rarely practiced. The International Working Group on Data and Models, which works under the IWA/IAHR Joint Committee on Urban Drainage, has been working on the development of a framework for defining and assessing uncertainties in the field of urban drainage modelling. A part of that work is the assessment and comparison of different techniques generally used in the uncertainty assessment of the parameters of water models. This paper compares a number of these techniques: the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE), the Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis algorithm (SCEM-UA), an approach based on a multi-objective auto-calibration (a multialgorithm, genetically adaptive multi-objective method, AMALGAM) and a Bayesian approach based on a simplified Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (implemented in the software MICA). To allow a meaningful comparison among the different uncertainty techniques, common criteria have been set for the likelihood formulation, defining the number of simulations, and the measure of uncertainty bounds. Moreover, all the uncertainty techniques were implemented for the same case study, in which the same stormwater quantity and quality model was used alongside the same dataset. The comparison results for a well-posed rainfall/runoff model showed that the four methods provide similar probability distributions of model parameters, and model prediction intervals. For ill-posed water quality model the differences between the results were much wider; and the paper provides the specific advantages and disadvantages of each method. In relation to computational efficiency (i.e. number of iterations required to generate the probability distribution of parameters), it was found that SCEM-UA and AMALGAM produce results quicker than GLUE in terms of required number of simulations. However, GLUE requires the lowest modelling skills and is easy to implement. All non-Bayesian methods have problems with the way they accept behavioural parameter sets, e.g. GLUE, SCEM-UA and AMALGAM have subjective acceptance thresholds, while MICA has usually problem with its hypothesis on normality of residuals. It is concluded that modellers should select the method which is most suitable for the system they are modelling (e.g. complexity of the model’s structure including the number of parameters), their skill/knowledge level, the available information, and the purpose of their study.     

Analyzing growth and mortality in a subtropical urban forest ecosystem

Information on urban tree growth, mortality and in-growth is currently being used to estimate urban forest structure changes and ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration. This study reports on tree diameter growth and mortality in 65 plots distributed among four land use categories, which were established in 2005/2006 in Gainesville, Florida, USA and were re-measured in 2009. Models for mortality and in-growth models were developed by grouping species into hardwoods and softwoods. Annual change in tree diameter at breast height growth was analyzed using three tree species groups based on potential height and longevity. Additionally, the four most common tree species in the study area were modeled to explore factors affecting tree growth. The average annual mortality rate in the city was 9.97%. Trees located in Institutional land use/land cover (LULC) had the highest annual mortality rate (19.2%/yr), and commercial had the lowest (3.1%/yr). Overall, growth rates for the study area (0.70 cm/yr) and residential LULC (0.80 cm/yr) were comparable to other studies. Growth rates for trees in forested areas were higher (0.56 cm/yr) than those previously reported. Individual species-level growth rates such as those for Juniperus virginiana (1.24 cm/yr) and Quercus virginiana (1.08 cm/yr) were different than other species values reported in other studies. Maintenance activities, site conditions, soil properties, tree characteristics, and LULC significantly influenced urban tree growth, mortality, and in-growth. Results can be used to better understand urban forest ecosystem structure and services in medium sized, subtropical cities and to make better decisions regarding planting and maintenance strategies.     

前门大街街道空间现状的研究

自2009年前门大街改造后投入使用至今已有两年多时间。以改造后前门大街的街道空间为研究对象,从城市公共空间设计和环境行为心理学角度,采取文献收集、实地测量、行为观察等研究方法,对其进行了实地调研。发现和总结前门大街街道空间设计的不足,并提出了改善建议。重点调查了前门大街街道空间尺度、街道空间变化、街道小品设计和街道场所精神等方面。     

A proposal for a novel urban mobility policy: Personal carbon trade experiment in Lahti city

Climate policies targeting change in everyday practices have been weak. Personal carbon trade has been suggested as a market-based means to cap the overall climate emissions and to internalise the polluter-pays-principle, thus engaging individuals in climate action and creating an impetus for social change. Despite some academic interest, few practical applications and experiments have been performed. With digitalisation offering new possibilities, the aim of the paper is to propose personal carbon trade as a way to introduce a carbon budget for citizen-led urban transformation and discuss a practical case application from the city of Lahti.