激光热力强化电化学沉积试验研究

为了进一步揭示激光的热力效应对电化学沉积的强化作用,构建了激光电化学复合沉积试验系统,进行了理论分析和实验验证。采用激光循环往复的扫描方式照射沉积区域制备沉积层试样,对沉积过程中的力效应和热效应进行测试,最后采用扫描电子显微镜对沉积层的表面形貌和截面形貌进行观察对比。结果表明,激光的热力效应能加快金属离子的还原反应,促进晶核形成和晶粒细化,在激光能量为0.2mJ（20kHz）时,能获得良好的沉积速率（0.198mg/min）;在激光能量为0.4mJ（20kHz）时,沉积层的拉伸强度性能较好,达到256.38 MPa。此研究结果对电解加工技术的发展是有一定帮助的。     

生长助剂对微纳米级二氧化钛颗粒形貌和光吸收性能的影响

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,氟化氢(HF)为形貌控制剂,溶剂(乙酸乙酯、乙酸和异丙醇)为生长助剂,通过溶剂热法合成了不同形貌的二氧化钛(TiO2).利用X射线衍射谱(XRD)分析样品的物相,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征TiO2颗粒的形貌,氮气吸附-脱附实验测量样品的比表面积,紫外可见吸收光谱测试样品的光吸收能力.结果表明:乙酸乙酯、乙酸和异丙醇作为生长助剂时,相应地得到球形、片状和比表面积高达155.58m2 ·g-1的花状结构.乙酸乙酯对样品形貌的影响大于HF.乙酸和异丙醇对HF具有协同作用,不同形貌的TiO2颗粒的紫外光吸收的强弱顺序为醇-TiO2,酸-TiO2,酯-TiO2.     

Dramatically enhanced performances and ideally controlled nano-morphology via co-solvent processing in low bandgap polymer solar cells

The device performance of photovoltaics with a polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure, consisting of DT-PDPP2T-TT donor polymer and poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PC₆₁BM) acceptor compound, was investigated as a function of co-solvent composition. An enhancement of the photocurrent density and fill factor is observed in diodes made by spin-coating with chloroform mixed with ortho-dichlorobenzene, which allows a significantly higher device efficiency of 5.55% compared to diodes made from neat chloroform (efficiency = 3.61%). To clarify the role of the co-solvent, we investigated the nanoscale morphology with AFM, TEM and 2D-GIWAXS techniques and also the free-charge carrier mobility via space-charge limited current theory. We obtained the result that, under such supersaturated conditions, co-solvents induce increased polymer crystalline aggregation into a 3D phase structure and boost charge-carrier transport characteristics. This provides a rational basis for the development of ideally-controlled BHJ films that yield efficient DT-PDPP2T-TT:PCBM solar cells. Therefore, carefully selecting solvent mixtures provides an approach toward efficient low bandgap polymer solar cells.     

Kinetics of hillock growth in Al and Al-alloys

Hillock growth kinetics and size distribution were investigated in Al, Al:Si 1% and Al:Si1%:Cu 0.5% layers. Metallization surface was examined by optical, SEM and TEM microscopy, stylus profiling and an automatic method of hillock recognition from a microscope image. The method allowed for counting hillocks in a desired range of their diameter d. Surface density of hillocks was measured as a function of time of furnace annealing at 400°C and as a function of temperature of RTP annealing. A maximum hillock size was found to increase linearly with metallization layer thickness and with logarithm of annealing time. A total area occupied by hillocks was evaluated. Hillock density decreased versus 1/T with an activation energy of 0.28 eV for Al and 0.31 eV for Al:Si. It was found, that a normalized hillock density N may be expressed by a formula N=N₀ exp(−cd). Values for N₀ and c are given together with a short discussion.     

Mg掺杂AlGaN的特性研究

采用金属有机物化学气相淀积方法在Al2O3衬底上生长不同浓度Mg掺杂的AlxGa1-xN合金薄膜,并在750℃、N2气氛下对Mg进行热退火激活。用X射线衍射ω-2θ扫描计算确定样品的Al组分,发现Mg摩尔掺杂浓度和退火对Al组分均未产生明显影响。X射线衍射摇摆曲线与原子力显微镜扫描表明随Mg摩尔掺杂浓度增加,样品晶体质量下降,样品表面凹坑增加,但热退火对薄膜表面形貌有明显的改善。阴极射线发光测量发现带边峰强度随掺杂浓度增加而减弱,退火后样品的施主-受主对复合发射与导带受主的复合发射均有增强,验证了热退火对钝化受主杂质的激活作用,对实现高效AlGaN的p型掺杂具有重要意义。     

蒙特卡罗法单晶硅的腐蚀工艺表面微观形态仿真研究

讨论了基于蒙特卡罗法模拟各向异性腐蚀加工的微观表面形态的仿真方法. 应用台阶流动模型,分析了(h,k,l)晶面中(h+2,h,h), (h,1,1), (h+2,h+2,h)以及(h,h,1)晶面族上反应活跃的台阶部位原子的排列特征,结合微掩模的作用和定义方法,提出了通过限制各晶面族台阶部位广泛存在的一级、二级邻居数为(3,7)原子移除概率的方法来模拟快速反应区域的吸附抑制现象. 把上述内容应用于RPF函数对(100)面的凸起结构,(110)面的带状条纹以及(111)面的三角形凹陷微观结构进行了仿真计算,解释了腐蚀中微观形貌的特征和成因. 算法在3种基础晶面和高指数 (322) 晶面的计算结果能够很好地符合实验中观察到的表面形态微观特征,验证了方法的有效性.     

Tuning the Molecular Weight of the Electron Accepting Polymer in All‐Polymer Solar Cells: Impact on Morphology and Charge Generation

Molecular weight is an important factor determining the morphology and performance of all‐polymer solar cells. Through the application of direct arylation polycondention, a series of batches of a fluorinated naphthalene diimide‐based acceptor polymer are prepared with molecular weight varying from M_n = 20 to 167 kDa. Used in conjunction with a common low bandgap donor polymer, the effect of acceptor molecular weight on solar cell performance, morphology, charge generation, and transport is explored. Increasing the molecular weight of the acceptor from M_n = 20 to 87 kDa is found to increase cell efficiency from 2.3% to 5.4% due to improved charge separation and transport. Further increasing the molecular weight to M_n = 167 kDa however is found to produce a drop in performance to 3% due to liquid–liquid phase separation which produces coarse domains, poor charge generation, and collection. In addition to device studies, a systematic investigation of the microstructure and photophysics of this system is presented using a combination of transmission electron microscopy, grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine‐structure spectroscopy, photoluminescence quenching, and transient absorption spectroscopy to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between morphology, photophysics, and photovoltaic performance.     

Urban data and urban design: A data mining approach to architecture education

The configuration of urban projects using Information and Communication Technologies is an essential aspect in the education of future architects. Students must know the technologies that will facilitate their academic and professional development, as well as anticipating the needs of the citizens and the requirements of their designs. In this paper, a data mining approach was used to outline the strategic requirements for an urban design project in an architecture course using a Project-Based Learning strategy. Informal data related to an award-winning public space (Gillett Square in London, UK) was retrieved from two social networks (Flickr and Twitter), and from its official website. The analysis focused on semantic, temporal and spatial patterns, aspects generally overlooked in traditional approaches. Text-mining techniques were used to relate semantic and temporal data, focusing on seasonal and weekly (work-leisure) cycles, and the geographic patterns were extracted both from geotagged pictures and by geocoding user locations. The results showed that it is possible to obtain and extract valuable data and information in order to determine the different uses and architectural requirements of an urban space, but such data and information can be challenging to retrieve, structure, analyze and visualize. The main goal of the paper is to outline a strategy and present a visualization of the results, in a way designed to be attractive and informative for both students and professionals – even without a technical background – so the conducted analysis may be reproducible in other urban data contexts.     

盼生安对人肝癌细胞超微结构的影响

目的：以氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)作为阳性对照观察了盼生安对BEL-7402肝癌细胞超微结构的影响,为该药物的抑癌作用提供形态学依据。方法：用透射电镜观察经不同剂量药物处理后细胞超微结构的变化。结果：经盼生安处理后,胞浆空泡化,细胞器中线粒体严重空泡变性,其次是高尔基体和粗面内质网的空泡化,核糖体减少。胞内次级溶酶体,多泡小体,自噬体及髓样小体增多。5-Fu对肝癌细胞形态的影响不如盼生安明显。结论：盼生安主要导致显著的线粒体超微结构改变,胞浆空泡化,抑制了肿瘤细胞的能量代谢和蛋白质合成系统而使细胞功能减退,代谢缓慢最终使细胞退变死亡。     

An adaptive digital image watermark algorithm based on gray-scale morphology

An adaptive digital image watermark algorithm with strong robustness based on gray-scale morphology is proposed in this paper. The embedded strategies include: The algorithm seeks and ex-tracts adaptively the image strong texture regions. The algorithm maps the image strong texture region to the wavelet tree structures, and embeds adaptively watermark into the wavelet coefficients corre-sponding to the image’s strong texture regions. According to the visual masking features, the algorithm adjusts adaptively the watermark-embedding intensity. Experimental results show the algorithm is robust to compression, filtering, noise as well as strong shear attacks. The algorithm is blind watermark scheme. The image strong texture region extraction method based on morphology in this algorithm is simple and effective and adaptive to various images.