基于MCU并行接口的尿湿监测系统

尿湿监测对残疾人、瘫痪者等患有行动不便症的病人以及医院护理工作具有重要的意义。介绍了一种基于单片机并行接口方式的病床尿湿监测系统,该系统以STC89C58RD+单片机为核心,从信号采集、存储到时钟记录、液晶显示、打印输出全部采用并行接口器件;采用循环扫描,优先报警,不处理报警的设计思路,配以蜂鸣器、指示灯等声、光器件,能够实时有效监测多达96个病床的尿湿情况,并通知护理人员进行处理。该系统对报警信号响应快速、灵敏,满足实际应用要求。     

An international quality assurance scheme for the quantitation of daidzein and genistein in food,urine and plasma

This quality assurance (proficiency testing) scheme was commissioned to enable the Food Standards Agency (FSA) to determine the quality of analytical results submitted by researchers measuring the concentrations of phytoestrogens in foods and biological fluids in FSA-funded research projects, and also, to demonstrate that FSA-funded laboratories are producing consistent and precise results. Non-FSA-funded laboratories from around the world were also invited to join in the scheme to increase the number participants. A secondary objective was to highlight the most successful methodologies used to analyse phytoestrogens.     

早期糖尿病肾病转化生长因子-β_1与尿白蛋白的相关性

目的探讨早期糖尿病肾病(DN)转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)与尿白蛋白的相关性。方法RT-PCR方法测定高糖刺激的系膜细胞内及2型糖尿病小鼠肾小球内TGF-β1mRNA的转录水平;ELISA方法检测DN患者尿TGF-β1和尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)的变化。结果高糖刺激的系膜细胞内与肥胖db/db小鼠肾小球内TGF-β1mRNA转录水平与对照组比较均明显增高。糖尿病各组患者尿TGF-β1含量均显著高于正常对照组,且UAER增加呈递增趋势,两者呈正相关。结论TGF-β1与早期DN的发生与发展密切相关,是反映早期糖尿病肾损害的重要因子。     

Miniature microbial fuel cells and stacks for urine utilisation

MFCs are becoming a stronger contender in the area of alternative energy sources and show great promise in utilising a wide variety of organic sources. This paper describes the utilisation of neat undiluted urine as the main feedstock for different types of individual MFCs and stacks of small-scale MFCs, for direct electricity production, with conversion efficiencies of >50%. The smallest MFC (1.4 mL total volume) produced equal amounts of power to that produced by larger MFCs (6.25 mL), resulting in increased power densities. Power densities of 4.93 mW/m² (absolute power of 1.5 mW) were recorded when 48 small-scale MFCs were connected as a stack and fed with urine. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using urine as an untreated fuel and that improved power outputs can be achieved through MFC miniaturisation and multiplication into stacks.     

Assessment of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A in the UK using a duplicate diet approach and analysis of urine and plasma samples

The approach to assess exposure to ochratoxin A from the diet by the analysis of human plasma and urine samples has been developed. Composite duplicate diet samples from 50 individuals and corresponding plasma and urine samples were obtained over 30 days. Samples were analysed using sensitive methods capable of measuring ochratoxin A at 0.001ng g -1 in food, 0.1ng ml -1 in plasma and 0.01ng ml -1 in urine. Analysis of the foods indicated ochratoxin A levels contributing to an average intake in the range 0.26-3.54ng kg -1 bw day -1 over the 30 days. Ochratoxin A was found in all plasma samples and in 46 urine samples. The correlation between the plasma ochratoxin A levels and ochratoxin A consumption was not significant (95% confidence limit). However, a significant correlation was found between ochratoxin A consumption and the urine ochratoxin A concentration expressed as the total amount excreted. This new work offers the possibility of using ochratoxin A in urine as a simple and reliable biomarker to estimate exposure to this mycotoxin.     

Monitoring of ochratoxin A exposure of the Portuguese population through a nationwide urine survey — Winter 2007

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of fungi, such as Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillium spp., which has been found to have a wide number of potentially deadly toxic effects, and can enter the human organism through a variety of means. It then finds its way into the bloodstream and, after a lengthy process, is eventually excreted through the urine. It can thus be detected in its original form not only in blood samples but also in this biological medium. As such, and in an attempt to evaluate the exposure of the Portuguese population to this mycotoxin, morning urine samples were collected during the Winter of 2007, from each of five geographically distinct Portuguese locations — Bragança, Porto, Coimbra, Alentejo, and Algarve — and subjected to extraction by immunoaffinity columns and to OTA quantification through liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. Prevalent incidence was higher than 95% with Coimbra being the exception (incidence of 73.3%). In nearly all locations, the OTA content of most samples was found to be above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.008 ng/ml. Indeed, excluding Coimbra, with an OTA content level of 0.014 ng/ml, all regions featured content values over 0.021 ng/ml.     

Compositional changes in the hydrophobic acids fraction of drainage water from different land management practices

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) can play a key role in many environmental processes, including carbon cycling, nutrient transport and the fates of contaminants and of agrochemicals. Hydrophobic acids (Ho), the major components of the DOM, were recovered from the drainage waters from well-drained (WDS) and poorly-drained (PDS) Irish grassland soils in lysimeters, amended with N fertiliser (F) and with bovine urine (U) and were studied using 1D and 2D solution-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The Diffusion Edited (DE) ¹H NMR spectra indicated that the Ho consisted largely of larger molecules, or of molecules that formed rigid aggregates, and the 1D and the 2D (Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence - HMQC, the Total Correlation Spectroscopy - TOCSY, and the Nuclear Overhauser Effect - NOESY) spectra indicated that the samples were composed of lignin residues, carbohydrates, protein/peptides, and aliphatic components derived from plant waxes/cuticular materials and from microbial lipids. The F amendments increased the concentrations of Ho in the waters by 1.5 and 2.5 times those in the controls in the cases of WDS and PDS, respectively. The lignin-derived components were increased by 50% and 300% in the cases of the Ho from the WDS and PDS, respectively. Applications of F + U decreased the losses of Ho, (compared to the F amendments alone) and very significantly decreased those of the lignin-derived materials, indicating that enhanced microbial activity from U gave rise to enhanced metabolism of the Ho components, and especially of lignin. In contrast the less biodegradable aliphatic components containing cuticular materials increased as the result of applications of F + U. This study helps our understanding of how management practices influence the movement of C between terrestrial and aquatic environments.     

The behaviour of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals during struvite precipitation in urine

Separating urine from wastewater at the source reduces the costs of extensive wastewater treatment. Recovering the nutrients from urine and reusing them for agricultural purposes adds resource saving to the benefits. Phosphate can be recovered in the form of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate). In this paper, the behaviour of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals during the precipitation of struvite in urine is studied.When precipitating struvite in urine spiked with hormones and non-ionic, acidic and basic pharmaceuticals, the hormones and pharmaceuticals remain in solution for more than 98%.For heavy metals, initial experiments were performed to study metal solubility in urine. Solubility is shown to be affected by the chemical conditions of stored and therefore hydrolysed urine. Thermodynamic modelling reveals low or very low equilibrium solute concentrations for cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). Experiments confirmed Cd, Cu and Pb carbonate and hydroxide precipitation upon metal addition in stored urine with a reaction half-life of ca. 7 days.For all metals considered, the maximum specific metal concentrations per gram phosphate or nitrogen showed to be typically several orders of magnitudes lower in urine than in commercially available fertilizers and manure. Heavy metals in struvite precipitated from normal stored urine could not be detected.Phosphate recovery from urine over struvite precipitation is shown to render a product free from most organic micropollutants and containing only a fraction of the already low amounts of heavy metals in urine.     

Second order standard addition method and fluorescence spectroscopy in the quantification of ibuprofen enantiomers in biological fluids

The second order standard addition method and spectrofluorimetry were used for determination of ibuprofen enantiomers in human plasma and urine. The methodology was based on chiral recognition of ibuprofen by formation of an inclusion complex with a chiral auxiliary, β-cyclodextrin, in the presence of 1-butanol. The strategy combines the use of PARAFAC, for extraction of the pure analyte signal, with the standard addition method, for determinations in presence of a matrix effect. A specific PARAFAC model was built for each sample and the scores were related to (S)-ibuprofen concentration using a linear regression in the standard addition method. Feasible results were obtained for determinations in the molar fraction range from 50 to 80% of (S)-ibuprofen, providing absolute errors lowers than 4.0% for plasma and urine.     

尿液和水中的C1~-含量测定

H_2SO_4—HClO_4—H_3PO_4介质中加入标准K_2Cr_2O_7用CCL_4萃取,水相用硫酸亚铁按标准溶液滴定,可以测定氯离子含量.