城市避震疏散交通系统及评价方法体系研究

城市避震疏散是城市防灾系统的重要组成部分,是抗震救灾的关键,对地震发生期间避震疏散交通类型、特点及各相关系统展开研究,分析整个系统的构成及特点,探讨疏散交通与疏散空间、疏散通道以及相互之间的关系,在总结前人在避震疏散规划理论和方法的基础上进行梳理和补充,尝试性地建立起一套相对较为完整的评价方法体系,包括了对避震疏散空间的服务覆盖、服务重复和服务质量等,避震疏散通道的通达性和可靠性,以及避震疏散空间与疏散通道相互配合的吻合情况和服务的薄弱度等方面的综合评价。希望通过本研究,为城市进行更加科学合理的避震疏散规划和震前预防、震中避难和震后救援等各项部署提供帮助。     

2008年汶川地震导致的斜坡物质响应率及其空间分布规律分析

提出地震斜坡物质响应率(Response Rate of Seismic Slope Mass Movements,RRSSMM)的概念,然后基于汶川地震滑坡详细编录图,结合汶川地震导致的斜坡物质运动形式(滑坡)的“面积-体积”经验公式,对汶川地震导致的斜坡物质响应率及其空间分布规律开展研究,基于1 km2的正方形网格构建整个震区的地震斜坡物质响应率分布栅格图与等值线图,统计斜坡物质响应率大小与分布面积的关系,揭示地震斜坡物质响应率与分布面积之间的幂律关系。大光包滑坡(汶川地震触发的规模最大的滑坡)处的RRSSMM最大,达到47.9235 m。RRSSMM超过1m的区域主要分布在映秀-北川地表破裂南西段(映秀镇与北川县之间)对应的上盘区域,这一区域恰对应着逆冲分量为主的断裂上盘,这表明逆冲断裂对上盘区域发生滑坡的极强烈的控制作用。基于GIS技术与统计学理论,开展不同地震滑坡影响因子控制下的斜坡物质响应率空间分布规律分析,这些因子包括地形因子、地质因子与地震因子,分别为高程、坡度、坡向、斜坡曲率、斜坡坡位、与水系距离、岩性、与震中距离、与北川-映秀断裂距离、沿着北川-映秀断裂距离、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)与地震烈度。分析结果表明,RRSSMM 随着坡度、地震烈度、PGA的增加而增加;随着与震中距离、与北川-映秀断裂距离、与水系距离的增加而减少;最大的RRSSMM值高程范围为1600～1800 m;最大 RRSSMM值对应坡向为E方向;曲率越接近0,RRSSMM越小;坡位为中坡、下坡与谷底的 RRSSMM 值最高;砂岩、粉砂岩(Z),砂岩、粉砂岩、硅质岩、板岩(∈)这两类岩组是 RRSSMM 的高值岩性组合;沿着北川-映秀断裂的RRSSMM统计结果表明,逆冲运动习性的断裂比走滑习性的断裂对斜坡物质响应率具有更强烈的控制作用。该研究成果可为汶川地震区的河流与地貌演化、滑坡与泥石流研究等提供基础数据,也可指导其它地震触发的区域群体性滑坡事件的同类研究。     

城市总体规划层面的避震疏散场所规划研究

避震疏散场所的建设对抗震及构建安全城市具有非常重要的意义。目前我国避震疏散场所的规划体系尚不明晰且缺乏层次性。基于此,研究根据我国各层次规划的不同要求与特点,旨在构建一个基于不同规划层次的避震疏散场所体系框架,提出城市总体规划、控制性详细规划和修建性详细规划层面避震疏散场所的规划侧重点,并结合张家港市的实践,按照城市总体规划的层次要求,对中心、固定、紧急三级避震疏散场所进行总体布局和宏观控制,为未来城市避震疏散场所的规划实践提供思路和方法。     

由疏散地图到城市建设的平台 ——论“逃生地图”的可能性

所谓“疏散地形时间地图”（一般叫逃生地图）是指从绘制详细的疏散地图到致力于震后重建方法论的一系列举措。这一系列举措不仅保护了众多今后可能会没落的地域文化。而且还从地震中吸取教训,在进行建设和规划以人命优先为主旨的城市的前提下尝试着对地域进行改变。本文主要介绍了“逃生地图”概要、地方研讨会的地图效果以及逃生地图在汽车导航服务方面的应用等。     

OSAKA CITY'S EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS IMPROVEMENT MEASURES

In the early morning of January 17, 1995, an earthquake of magnitude 7.2 occurred, with its epicenter in Awaji Island, to the south of Kobe City located near Osaka City. It was later named the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake.

The earthquake left over 6,400 people dead and about 40,000 injured, completely destroying over 100,000 houses and buildings, causing about 300 fires, resulting in the suspension of such “lifelines” as city water, electricity, and gas supply, and halting transportation systems including road and railway traffic. It inflicted extensive damage not only on Kobe, but also on Osaka and other cities.

In the light of destruction caused by the earthquake, in 1997, the Osaka Municipal Government, the Osaka City Regional Preparedness Plan, which includes citizen evacuation in the event of earthquake, construction of seismic-resistant facilities, and fire-fighting and other emergency activities. The original plan was prepared, on the basis of an inter-plate earthquake occurring beneath the Pacific Ocean. In addition to this hypothesis, the new plan also incorporates the assumption that an earthquake with its epicenter under Osaka could occur due to movement of the Uemachi Faults running under the central part of the City in the north-south direction. Estimated damage that could be incurred through this potential earthquake were used for the latter plan.     

A probabilistic approach for economic analysis of a shopping center in seismic zone

The occurrence of an earthquake causes direct and indirect losses in economy. Performance of the built environment can determine both the magnitude of the losses and the speed of recovery from earthquakes. Earthquake losses can be minimized by the use of planning techniques. This paper presents a probabilistic approach for economic evaluation of a shopping center constructed in a seismic zone. Decision-makers can benefit from this approach, before and after an earthquake occurrence, by considering the probability distribution and variability. Life cycle cost concept is taken into account in the formulation of future worth estimation. Therefore, the approach simulates all the benefits and costs, which are prone to variation within Monte Carlo framework. The probabilistic approach can be used to assess the effects of recovery periods.     

地震作用下诱发堆积层滑坡的机制分析

为了分析堆积层滑坡在地震作用下的成因,本文对多种因素进行了详细分析。通过分析竖直地震力、水平地震力、滑床刚度、孔隙水压力、累进破坏、减阻效应、压推扩展效应,分别指出了各种因素下的作用机理。结果表明,在地震这一复杂作用下,多种因素都使得坡体破坏加剧,减小了稳定性系数,最后造成堆积层滑坡的形成。     

配置受压钢筋满足柱轴压比要求的探讨

针对设计中常遇到的柱轴压比不足的问题进行了分析,提出并阐述了一种在柱中配置受压钢筋是解决柱轴压比不足的有效方法.     

地震载荷下拉杆直径对球罐的影响分析

在地震载荷条件下,使用ANSYS8.0软件分析了1000m3球罐的拉杆直径变化对球罐应力的影响。分析结果表明,球罐的最大应力点位于球罐与盖板连接处外壁面的上侧,拉杆直径的变化对球罐与盖板连接处的应力影响较大,对其他部位的应力影响相对较小,在选择球罐的拉杆直径时应充分考虑拉杆对球罐应力的影响。