在整合文脉的前提下改善城市环境--哈尔滨火车站前广场改造城市设计

本文通过对哈尔滨火车站前广场改造城市设计工作的总结,以类型学为指导,提出了在具有历史文脉的城市区域中进行城市设计时应考虑的原则和经验,以及由此带来的城市环境更新与协调发展的问题.     

World Heritage cultural landscapes: A UNESCO flagship programme 1992-2006

This paper reviews one of the most important evolutions in the history of the 1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention), namely, the interaction between culture and nature and the development of the cultural landscape categories. The World Heritage Convention currently covers 812 sites in 137 countries and is with 181 States Parties the most universal international legal instrument in heritage conservation. Among the properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, 53 sites are recognized cultural landscapes focusing on the outstanding interaction between people and their environment. The paper further explains key case studies from World Heritage cultural landscapes from all regions of the world and highlights the innovations in the Convention's implementation through the landscape approach, particularly focusing on the management of complex properties involving local communities and indigenous people. The paper also outlines links to other international and regional Conventions and concludes with a future outlook of the landscape programme.     

生态城市中住宅区的"可持续发展"与"再生"

都市再生的个案中正好是推广可持续发展建筑、景观环境的根本.为了因应现实环境需求面的考量,都市再生不断的继续在演变、发展,以调整出最合适、最合宜的内容与程序,让建筑物由被动的"消耗最少地球资源,制造最少废弃物的建筑物"转而为积极的"生态、健康的建筑物"定义.     

面向动态、多元化建设的世博会园区规划控制

具有独特功能的世博会在场馆建设方面表现出动态和多元化的特征.世博会园区控制性详细规划将国家馆按地域进行布局,以办展单元为基础单位进行规划控制,将规划图则的内容扩充为规划控制图则、形态图则及市政设施控制图则三部分,并对八类不同功能的地块提出不同的控制指标和控制要素.     

中山城市首位度的城市规划学思考

城市首位度是分析首位城市(中心城区)的相对重要性的指标之一,是衡量城市规模分布状况的一种常用指标,在一定程度上代表了城镇体系中的城市发展要素在最大城市的集中程度.1994年～2003年,中山城市首位度保持在2左右,说明中山城市首位度目前处于较为合理的状态,市域城镇体系规模分布相对较为均衡.     

城市绿地健康影响机制的理论和实证研究综述

城市绿地在营造健康的人居环境方 面发挥着重要的作用。大量研究证明了城市 绿地和公共健康的相关性，但仅凭相关性分 析无法得出因果关系。部分学者提出城市绿 地健康影响机制的理论研究并进行了相关的 实证研究。如何定量分析城市绿地对公共健 康的影响机制值得深入探讨。通过梳理城市 绿地健康影响机制的理论基础；采用范围综 述的方法分析现有实证研究中的研究方法、 研究变量和数据获取，讨论造成研究结果不 一致的原因；并从优化研究设计、检验多重理 论路径、多维度评估城市绿地特征3方面提 出改进实证研究的建议。最后，基于有调节 的中介模型和证据综合，提出城市绿地对公 共健康的影响机制。以期完善城市绿地如何 发挥健康效益的认知，也为城市绿地促进公 共健康的循证证据综合提供科学证据。     

“重点受控”与“局部放任”─—山地城市设计方法研究之一

本文试图找到一种可操作的城市设计方法。以山地城市形态为切入点，辩证地应用重点论和两点论，对山地城市形态的重点要素进行重点控制，而对非重点要素采取引导性设计。     

Plant crown traits and carbon sequestration capability by Platanus hybrida Brot. in Rome

Measurements of carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration carried out in the city of Rome in the period January–December 2005 showed a mean yearly CO₂ concentration of 414 ± 45 ppm; polluted sites (P sites) had 21% higher CO₂ concentration than control sites (C sites). The significant (p < 0.01) correlation analysis between CO₂ concentration and traffic density measured during the study period at P sites showed that traffic density explained 51% of the CO₂ variation. The CO₂ trend during the traffic limitation days (provision imposed by ordinance of the City Council) did not show significant differences as regards regular traffic days, suggesting the ineffectiveness of this provision. Leaf area index (LAI) of Platanus hybrida Brot. was on an average 11% lower at P sites than at C ones associated with a lower total photosynthetic leaf surface area (SPT, 34% lower at P sites than at C ones). P. hybrida had a total carbon sequestration of 117 ± 13 kg year⁻¹ (mean value of P and C sites) playing an important role in sequestering CO₂. Thus, the choice of plant species for urban areas may be set out taking into account their own air amelioration capability. Plant traits of each species may be used for urban tree planting programs to ameliorate urban air pollution.     

Multiple evaluations of the removal of pollutants in road runoff by soil infiltration

Groundwater replenishment by infiltration of road runoff is expected to be a promising option for ensuring a sustainable urban water cycle. In this study, we performed a soil infiltration column test using artificial road runoff equivalent to approximately 11-12 years of rainfall to evaluate the removal of pollutants by using various chemical analyses and bioassay tests. These results indicated that soil infiltration treatment works effectively to remove most of the pollutants such as organic matter (chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), P species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), numerous heavy metals and oestrogenic activities. Bioassay tests, including algal growth inhibition test, Microtox and mutagen formation potential (MFP) test, also revealed effective removal of toxicities by the soils. However, limited amounts of NO3, Mn, Ni, alkaline earth metals, perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulphonamide (FOSA) were removed by the soils and they possibly reach the groundwater and cause contamination.     

Atmospheric deposition of carbon and nutrients across an arid metropolitan area

Urbanization is increasing rapidly in semi-arid environments and is predicted to alter atmospheric deposition of nutrients and pollutants to cities as well as to ecosystems downwind. We examined patterns of wet and coarse dry deposition chemistry over a five-year period at 7 sites across the Central Arizona-Phoenix (CAP) study area, one of two urban sites within the National Science Foundation's Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program. Wet and dry deposition of organic carbon (oC) were significantly elevated in the urban core; in contrast, mean annual wet and dry fluxes of nitrogen (N) were low (<6 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)) compared to previous estimates and did not differ significantly among sites. Wet deposition of sulfate (SO(4)2-) was high across CAP (mean 1.39 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) as S) and represented the dominant anion in rainfall. Dry deposition rates did not show strong seasonal trends with the exception of oC, which was 3-fold higher in winter than in summer; ammonium (NH4+) deposition was high but more variable. Dry deposition of NO3- and oC was strongly correlated with particulate base cations and dust-derived soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), suggesting that urban-derived dust is scrubbing the atmosphere of acidic gases and entrained particles and increasing local deposition. Differences between measured and predicted rates of dry N deposition to the urban core may be explained by incomplete collection of gas phase N on surrogate deposition surfaces in this hot and arid environment. The extent of urban enhancement of cations and oC inputs to desert ecosystems appears to be restricted to the urbanized metropolitan area rather than extending far downwind, although a low number of sites make it difficult to resolve this spatial pattern. Nevertheless, wet and dry inputs may be important for biogeochemical cycles in nutrient and carbon-poor desert ecosystems within and near arid cities.