Personality domains and traits that predict self-reported aberrant driving behaviours in a southeastern US university sample

Personality traits are meaningful predictors of many significant life outcomes, including mortality. Several studies have investigated the relationship between specific personality traits and driving behaviours, e.g., aggression and speeding, in an attempt to identify traits associated with elevated crash risk. These studies, while valuable, are limited in that they examine only a narrow range of personality constructs and thus do not necessarily reveal which traits in constellation best predict aberrant driving behaviours. The primary aim of this study was to use a comprehensive measure of personality to investigate which personality traits are most predictive of four types of aberrant driving behaviour (Aggressive Violations, Ordinary Violations, Errors, Lapses) as indicated by the Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ). We recruited 285 young adults (67% female) from a university in the southeastern US. They completed self-report questionnaires including the DBQ and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5, which indexes 5 broad personality domains (Antagonism, Detachment, Disinhibition, Negative Affectivity, Psychoticism) and 25 specific trait facets. Confirmatory factor analysis showed adequate evidence for the DBQ internal structure. Structural regression analyses revealed that the personality domains of Antagonism and Negative Affectivity best predicted both Aggressive Violations and Ordinary Violations, whereas the best predictors of both Errors and Lapses were Negative Affectivity, Disinhibition and to a lesser extent Antagonism. A more nuanced analysis of trait facets revealed that Hostility was the best predictor of Aggressive Violations; Risk-taking and Hostility of Ordinary Violations; Irresponsibility, Separation Insecurity and Attention Seeking of Errors; and Perseveration and Irresponsibility of Lapses.     

Managing children's risk of injury in the home: Does parental teaching about home safety reduce young children's hazard interactions?

Past research confirms that parents extend much effort to teach their young children about safety, but little is known about this process. The present study examined mothers’ use of teaching as a strategy to manage young children's risk of home injury and how this impacts children's hazard interactions. Mothers of three-year-olds completed an in-home room-by-room interview in which they identified injury hazards that concern them, reported on use of teaching to manage risk of injury from these hazards, rated children's understanding of these safety issues and compliance with behavioral guidelines regarding these safety issues, and reported on children's recent interactions with these hazards. They also completed questionnaire measures of how difficult the child is to manage and the child's typical level of risk taking. Results revealed that children's understanding of safety impacted both their compliance and hazard interactions, moderating the impact of risk taking on compliance and also the impact of children's difficult-to-manage score on hazard interactions. These findings demonstrate that teaching strategies need to effectively enhance children's understanding of the safety issue in order to reduce children's risk of hazard interactions.     

Thrill and Adventure Seeking as a modifier of the relationship of perceived risk with risky driving among young drivers

Risky driving contributes to road trauma, a leading cause of mortality among young people. Health-relevant behaviour models suggest a negative relationship between risky driving and perceived risk of its outcomes. However, high sensation seekers may value the “thrill” of the risk, and positive associations between sensation seeking and risky driving have been observed. This is the first study to examine whether aspects of sensation seeking modify the relationship between perceived risk and risky driving. Young drivers in metropolitan Sydney and rural New South Wales [NSW] (n = 797) completed a survey relating to one of the four risky driving behaviours (speeding, drink-driving, driving while fatigued, and failing to wear a seatbelt). Results suggest that the Thrill and Adventure Seeking subscale of Zuckerman's (1994) Sensation Seeking Scale moderate the relationship of perceived risk with risky driving – indicating a negative relationship for low-scores, but not high-scorers, on the TAS subscale. Thus, road safety campaigns that emphasize the riskiness of a particular behaviour may be of limited benefit to thrill and adventure seekers.     

表面自由能的计算方法及其对材料表面性能影响机制的研究现状

表面自由能是材料表面能量状态的一种描述,对材料的诸多性能有很大的影响。用于表面自由能计算的方法主要包括：Fowkes 法、Owens-Wendt-Kaelble 法、van Oss 法以及 Wu 法等,每种方法都有其特点和计算形式。目前,表面自由能的计算方法多数是基于 Young 方程推导而来,其中的基本物理量接触角θ是表征自由能的一个重要指标。对于接触角θ的测量,同样存在多种方式,如量角法、量高法以及测力法等。从表面自由能计算方法出发,系统地总结了表面自由能对材料结合强度、润湿性能及其他性能的影响,综述了国内外学者对材料表面自由能的研究现状。最后对表面自由能未来的研究方向提出了展望。     

多周期家庭护理的路径规划与调度算法

在家庭护理服务质量方面,现有研究大多考虑老人的服务需求是否得到满足、服务是否及时、老人对服务是否满意等因素,忽略了老人在选择护工上的偏好习惯。提出带服务约束的多周期家庭护理路径规划与调度问题,并将其归约为多车场车辆路径优化问题,证明该问题的NP难解性。为了在老人提供的黑名单、必选服务技能、服务价格等约束下最优化家庭护理机构的服务质量,提出贪心算法,优先为服务开始时间早的老人提供服务,为老人安排最高服务质量的护工。以贪心算法求得的结果作为初始解,并针对该问题的多周期性质,定制一个遗传算法对初始解进行优化,以获得更优的多周期护工路径规划方案。在3组不同规模的开源数据集上进行实验,结果表明,与基准算法和随机算法相比,所提出的贪心算法将服务质量分别提高了31.7%和79.8%,定制的遗传算法将服务质量分别提高了65.7%和126.3%。     

CCM构件实现框架的分析与研究

CCM构件实现框架(CIF）为构造构件实现定义了的编程模型。作为编程抽象,CIF不但能与现存POA框架兼容,而且还能使编程人员与它的复杂性隔离。CIF使用CIDL描述创建编程框架自动化构件的基本行为。该文对CIF的架构和语义进行了剖析,描述了CCM构件的实现,然后CIF内部元素的关系进行了研究。     

SNMP协议及其在智能家庭网络中的应用研究

通过分析智能家庭网络技术中现存及正在发展的相关技术标准,对智能家庭网络模型的设计及实现方案进行了研究,并提出了运用SNMP管理智能家庭网络的技术实施方案。     

基于纳米压痕技术的碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料各组分原位力学性能测试

基于纳米压痕技术对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料各组分的原位硬度、 弹性模量和蠕变性能进行了测试, 实验得到了基体、 纤维和微小厚度界面层的力学性能。结果表明, 从环氧树脂基体到碳纤维过渡过程中, 硬度和弹性模量有明显的梯度变化, 并且纤维和树脂基体的原位弹性模量平均值与其非原位性能有一定的变化, 实验得到纤维的原位弹性模量有所下降, 环氧树脂的弹性模量有所增加。试件制备过程中的机械研磨对其表面产生的残余应力和复合后两种材料的相互影响是组分材料原位性能变化的主要原因。各组分的蠕变性能呈现出明显的差异。     

A H-QoS-demand personalized home physiological monitoring system over a wireless multi-hop relay network for mobile home healthcare applications

For the elderly and chronic patients with cardiovascular disease who live alone, it is necessary to constantly monitor their physiological parameters, especially the electrocardiogram (ECG), to effectively prevent and control their health condition and even to provide urgent treatment or care while an emergency such as the abnormal variation of heart rate (HR) occurs. In this paper, a wireless in-home physiological monitoring system, based on multi-hop relay communications, which can ubiquitously and continuously monitor the patient's ECG at any time or any place at home without space limit and the “dead spot” due to the extended communication coverage by multi-hop wireless connectivity, is proposed. The system consists of a mobile-care device, which is responsible for capturing and wirelessly sending the patient's ECG data, a wireless multi-hop relay network (WMHRN) that is in charge of relaying the data sent by the former, and a residential gateway (RG), which is responsible for gathering and uploading the received ECG data to the remote care server through the Internet to carry out the patient's health condition monitoring and the management of pathological data. However, in order to assure that the ECG data can be effectively and timely forwarded, from the mobile-care device to the RG through the WMHRN, to meet the healthcare quality of service (H-QoS) demand for reliable and real-time end-to-end ECG transmission, the analysis of WMHRN latency in data-forwarding stage and the deployment consideration of wireless relay nodes are investigated in detail in this work. Moreover, an emergency alert service using short message service (SMS), based on the detection of abnormal variation of HR, is also used in the RG to further enhance the healthcare service quality. A prototype of this system has been developed and implemented. Finally, the experimental results are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed system.     

Knowledge of Home Dialysis Among Inner‐City Satellite Hemodialysis Patients

There is limited use of home renal replacement therapies in the U.S.A. One percent of dialysis patients are on home hemodialysis (HHD) and only 9% undergo peritoneal dialysis (PD). In an effort to better understand this, 161 satellite hemodialysis patients in 6 units in Brooklyn were surveyed. Forty‐eight percent of patients were women, 86% were black, 5% white, 8% Hispanic, and 1% other. Mean age was 49.4 years (range 22 – 69 years). Etiology of renal disease was hypertension (41%), diabetes mellitus (31%), polycystic kidney disease (3%), systemic lupus erythematosus (4%), and other or unknown (21%). Patients were queried about knowledge of and attitudes toward home therapies. Seventy‐nine percent of patients knew of home dialysis. The source of this information was the nephrologist (59%), the social worker (14%), a nurse (8%), other patients (4%), and other sources (15%). Only 10% of patients had ever considered HHD. Fifty‐four percent were afraid to do self‐care at home and 35% were not interested. Surprisingly, only 3% felt they had no reliable helper and 8% felt that their housing was not suitable. Similarly, 78% of patients had been spoken to about PD, but only 11% had considered it. Forty‐one percent were afraid of doing self‐care on PD, and 45% were not interested. We conclude that, although the majority of patients in six inner‐city dialysis units had heard of home dialysis, only a small number ever considered it. As many patients were afraid of doing home therapy, better education about the risks and benefits needs to be disseminated.