Degrees of destitution: a typology of homelessness in developing countries

There is an ongoing attempt to develop a globally acceptable definition of homelessness. Whether such a definition is broad and inclusive of squatters, and those living in particularly poor quality housing, or narrowly focused on street homelessness, it is likely to include a large population. Therefore, we are left with a need to develop criteria for identifying, allocating and prioritising appropriate support. Drawing on a study of homelessness in nine developing countries, this paper presents a new categorisation or typology of homelessness, based on choice and opportunity. It highlights the way in which homeless people, living in identical shelter situations, and for ostensibly similar reasons, might require different responses to support them out of homelessness. This paper does not seek to debate the definition of homelessness but to stimulate discussion on finding a way to identify and prioritise the needs of those included within any given definition.     

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本文根据灰色系统理论中的灰色决策原理,提出了一种合理选择钻机的新方法,并通过了实例验证。结果表明,这种方法切实可行。     

浅析当今写意青花的题材选择

青花装饰是景德镇的传统装饰方法之一，其中的写意青花又以其简约萧疏的艺术特征获得了人们的普遍喜爱。针对时代的变化影响，研究了当今写意青花在题材选择上与传统写意青花的差异。     

施工系统中混凝土拌和工厂位置选择综合评价模型

在大型水利水电工程施工系统中，混凝土拌和工厂位置选择涉及大量不确定性因素，本文用可能性－满意度来描述决策者对不确定性估计的主观性和管观性，论述了可能性与模糊集，满意度与信任度的对应关系，给出了可靠性－满意度的计算方法。以系统分析的层次性原理为基础，建立了厂址选择的综合评价模型，通过一个实例分析，得到几点结论。     

Emissions control policies under uncertainty and rational learning in a linear-state dynamic model

We compare the use of price-based policies or taxes, and quantity-based policies or quotas, for controlling emissions in a dynamic setup when the regulator faces two sources of uncertainty: (i) market-related uncertainty; and (ii) ecological uncertainty. We assume that the regulator is a rational Bayesian learner and the regulator and firms have asymmetric information. In our model the structure of Bayesian learning is general. Our results suggest that the expected level of emissions is the same under taxes and quotas. However, the comparison of the total benefits related to these policies suggests that taxes dominate quotas, that is, they provide a higher social welfare. Even though taxes have some benefits over quotas, neither learning nor ecological uncertainty affect the choice of policy, i.e., the only factor having such an impact is uncertainty in the instantaneous net emissions benefits (market-related uncertainty). Besides, the more volatile is this uncertainty, the more benefits of taxes over quotas. Ecological uncertainty leads to a difference between the emissions rule under the informed and the rational learning assumptions. However, the direction of this difference depends on the beliefs bias with regard to ecological uncertainty. We also find that a change in the regulator’s beliefs toward more optimistic views will increase the emissions.     

Criterion for Selecting Composite Materials for Explosion Containment Structures (Review)

Experimental data on the dynamic response and strength of simple shells of fiber composites are used to justify the choice of these materials for the load-bearing shells of blast-proof structures. It is shown that in such structures composites are preferred to homogeneous metal alloys (structural steels) to eliminate strong scale effects of an energetic nature. A criterion for selecting fibers is proposed and justified experimentally, and reinforcement patterns are determined to obtain optimal (in the strength-mass ratio) compositions for the load-bearing shells of blast-proof containers and chambers. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 3–13, September–October, 2005.     

Revisiting the two-stage choice model: an empirical study of consumer choice on brand website visits

In consumer choice behaviour literature, a two-stage choice model serves as a base theory where choice behaviour is decomposed into a consideration stage plus a choice stage. Yet, this default model has been increasingly challenged by the ‘limited consumer search’ school of thought because consumers do not necessarily review all products in a choice set before making decisions, but frequently draw on external information as mental short cuts. Methodologically, the choice behaviour in stage 1 has traditionally been latent because data that directly observe how consumers form their consideration sets by eliminating alternatives are lacking. This study continues the ‘limited consumer search’ line of reasoning and proposes an aided non-compensatory process in choice stage 1, where consumers reduce brand website alternatives by using online ratings to arrive at a consideration set. We use observed Web analytics data to unveil the stage 1 choice process and also the transition from stage 1 to stage 2, which is in need of further research based on extant literature. Lastly, we cross-validate our model with two types of websites (i.e. search vs. experience/credence) and find our model is contingent on the type of website content, where consumers’ inclination to use online ratings for decision-making varies.     

腐殖(植)酸与食品源头安全--腐殖(植)酸是构筑食品源头安全的最佳选择

腐殖（植）酸（Humic Acid，以下简称HA）是天然有机化合物。在农业应用上十分广泛，主要有土壤改良剂、肥料、农药、植物生长剂、兽药、饲料添加剂、水产养殖剂等产品。从狭义的角度说，食品生产源头指土、水、肥、药、种等主要生产环节的硬条件。HA与食品生产源头诸要素之问关系密切。HA与土壤：土壤是种植业依赖的生命基础；HA是土壤有机质中的重要组成部分，也是最活跃的部分。HA与水：水是生命之源；HA在水生体系中普遍存在，是转运大多数生命必需物质甚至毒性物质的一种非常好的工具。HA与肥料：肥料是植物的粮食；HA在改良肥料、增加肥效、提高肥料利用率、协调各种营养等方面具有非常重要的作用。HA与农药：农药是植物的保护伞；HA具有提高农药药效、降低农药毒性、保护农业环境的基本条件。HA与种苗：种苗不好，作物不保；HA是孵化种苗的“保育剂”。除土、水、肥、药、种外，HA因其具有生理活性特征，而与种植业相关的诸多因素均有良好的协同作用。在此基础上，由HA开发的农用产品，涉足改土、活水、制肥、制药、种苗处理及其他衍生制剂等6大类产品，足以构筑起立体农业的防护体系，也是构筑食品源头安全的最佳选择。     

水平带式真空过滤机的选择与应用

本文介绍了水平带式真空过滤机的特点和选用，特别讨论了往复盘水平带式真空过滤机的工作原理及主要特点，提出了应用实例及其发展方向。     

Urea-SCR喷雾模拟计算中CFD的模型选择

数值模拟计算的模型选择对计算结果的准确性十分重要,不同的模型产生的不同结果差异很大,该文论述了采用计算流体力学技术模拟urea-SCR喷雾过程的优越性,利用spalart-allmaras模型、标准k-ε模型和标准k-ω模型对喷嘴雾化进行了数值模拟,分析了各模型的收敛性,速度矢量,动压力分布等物理量。结果表明：spalart-allmaras模型存在失真的情况,标准k-ε模型和标准k-ω模型在尿素SCR喷嘴模拟方面的应用是可行的。