Biomarker characteristics and geological significance of middle and upper Permian source rocks in the southeastern Junggar Basin

Total organic carbon content (TOC), carbon isotope and biomarker analysis have been done on the source rocks from Lucaogou and Wutonggou formations in Junggar Basin, NW China. (1) the TOC values of the source rocks are more than 5%, and the kerogen types are type I₁-II, and the organic matters are mainly algae and bacteria, and are in the mature stage. (2) the depositional environments of the source rocks are weak reduction-weak oxidation, and are of weakly salty water to brackish water environment.     

PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODELLING IN A FOLD‐AND‐THRUST BELT SETTING: THE INVERTED CAMEROS BASIN,NORTH‐CENTRAL SPAIN

The Mesozoic Cameros Basin, northern Spain, was inverted during the Cenozoic Alpine orogeny when the Tithonian – Upper Cretaceous sedimentary fill was uplifted and partially eroded. Tar sandstones outcropping in the southern part of the basin and pyrobitumen particles trapped in potential source rocks suggest that hydrocarbons have been generated in the basin and subsequently migrated. However, no economic accumulations of oil or gas have yet been found. This study reconstructs the evolution of possible petroleum systems in the basin from initial extension through to the inversion phase, and is based on structural, stratigraphic and sedimentological data integrated with petrographic and geochemical observations. Petroleum systems modelling was used to investigate the timing of source rock maturation and hydrocarbon generation, and to reconstruct possible hydrocarbon migration pathways and accumulations. In the northern part of the basin, modelling results indicate that the generation of hydrocarbons began in the Early Berriasian and reached a peak in the Late Barremian – Early Albian. The absence of traps during peak generation prevented the formation of significant hydrocarbon accumulations. Some accumulations formed after the deposition of post‐extensional units (Late Cretaceous in age) which acted as seals. However, during subsequent inversion, these reservoir units were uplifted and eroded. In the southern sector of the basin, hydrocarbon generation did not begin until the Late Cretaceous due to the lower rates of subsidence and burial, and migration and accumulation may have taken place until the initial phases of inversion. Sandstones impregnated with bitumen (tar sandstones) observed at the present day in the crests of surface anticlines in the south of the basin are interpreted to represent the relics of these palaeo‐accumulations. Despite a number of uncertainties which are inherent to modelling the petroleum systems evolution of an inverted and overmature basin, this study demonstrates the importance of integrating multidisciplinary and multi‐scale data to the resource assessment of a complex fold‐and‐thrust belt.     

Geochemistry of upper Permian siliceous rocks from the Lower Yangtze region, southeastern China: implications for the origin of chert and Permian ocean chemistry

The Permian Chert Event is of great significance to understanding the geological evolution of the entire Permian; however, the origin of widespread chert formation is debated. We report new geochemical data from deep-marine siliceous rocks of the upper Permian Da-long Formation, Lower Yangtze region, southeastern China. Their geochemical results show that these thin-bedded siliceous rocks have a clear biologic origin, with rare to no evidence of hydrothermal influence. The values of Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) and Eu/Eu* are 0.60–0.84 (mean = 0.72) and 0.45–1.08 (mean = 0.77), respectively, and Mn/Ti ratios are relatively low (mean = 0.72). The correlations of La_N/ CeN, La_N/ Yb_N, and Fe₂O₃/ TiO₂ with Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃), along with the Ce anomaly, indicate that the Da-long siliceous rocks were deposited at a transitional zone between a continental margin and the open ocean; i.e., relatively close to terrestrial sediment input and far from hydrothermal activity. The accumulation of chert is related to its unique paleogeographic location in an equatorial setting with many submarine paleo-highlands. Intense upwelling and frequent local volcanism are the main factors that promoted the development of siliceous rocks in the studied area. Ocean acidification triggered by large-scale volcanism (Large Igneous Province) during the late Permian led to extensive silica precipitation and preservation.     

反,反—1,4—二苯基—1,3—丁二烯电子转移光氧化反应中的盐效应

本文研究了在二氟甲烷中9,10-二氢基蒽(DCA)敏化光氧化反,反-1,4-二苯基-1,3-丁二烯(DPB)反应中四氟硼酸四正丁基铵盐的作用,认为四极铵盐能促进激基复合物的解离,增加电荷分离,加速反应的进行并影响产物的分布。本文还讨论了盐效应对电子转移光化学反应中机理研究的作用及在合成应用中的可能性。     

Agronomical evaluation of phosphate fertilizer as a nutrient source of phosphorus for crops: Isotopic procedure

The agronomic effectiveness of P fertilizers, as sources of phosphorus for crops, was evaluated using the quantities, P_f, of phosphorus taken up byLolium perenne grown on 14 soils during greenhouse experiments in pot cultures. The P_f quantities were determined using³²P-labelled fertilizers. Data were analysed using a new concept: the Isotopic Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (IRAE). The IRAE value was defined as the ratio of the P_f quantity, taken up by a crop, of a tested fertilizer over the P_f quantity, taken up by a crop, of a fertilizer used as standard. In our experiments diammonium phosphate (DAP) was used as standard P fertilizer and two rock phosphates, the North Carolina rock phosphate (NCPR) and a calcium-iron-aluminium phosphate (Phospal), were tested. As a linear relationship between P_f(NCPR) quantities and P_f(DAP) quantities was obtained, with r² = 0.95, when the application rates increased from 15 mgP (kg soil)^–1 to 200 mgP (kg soil)^–1, it is conciuded that IRAE values for a given fertilizer, other than the standard fertilizer, could be determined with a single rate of application. As regards soil pH in the range 4.7 to 8.2 the IRAE_NCPR is related to soil pH by a curvilinear relationship: log IRAE_NCPR = –(0.44) pH + 4.05 with r² = 0.89. The average of IRAE_phospal values was 0.15 with a standard error = 7% irrespective of soil pH. Then a logarithmic relationship was obtained between IRAE values of the two tested fertilizers and their water P-solubility determined at the soil pH where they were applied.     

A discussion of the methods for comparing the relative effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers varying in solubility

Because various phosphate (P) fertilizers differ widely in their solubility, it is commonly observed that crop response to P fertilizers varies under the same soil and crop conditions. Furthermore, a major problem encountered in the methods for determining the relative effectiveness (RE) of water-insoluble P fertilizer (e.g., phosphate rock) with respect to water-soluble P fertilizers, e.g., single superphosphate (SSP) and triple superphosphate (TSP), is that their growth response curves are usually nonlinear and often do not share a common maximum yield. In this paper, we review and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three most commonly used methods for calculating the RE of phosphate rock with respect to TSP (or SSP). The three methods are vertical comparison, horizontal (substitution rate) comparison, and linear-response comparison.     

Effects of maturation and storage on solubility,emulsion stability and gelation properties of isolated soy proteins

Solubility, emulsion stability and gelation of isolated soy proteins and their 7S and 11S fractions from three stages of seed maturity were studied. The pH-solubility profile was similar irrespective of maturation and six-month storage. The 11S protein was more soluble in the acidic pH range than the 7S protein. Oil-in-water emulsion stability of isolated soy protein from mature soybeans was higher than that from the immature ones. This is due to the fact that there was more 7S fraction in the mature soybeans, and 7S protein was found to form a more stable emulsion than that formed from 11S protein. The result suggests that isolated soy protein from mature soybeans would serve as a better emulsifying agent. Heat-induced soy protein gels became weaker as the soybeans became more mature. This can be attributed to the higher content in the immature soybeans of 11S fraction which gives a stronger gel than 7S fraction in the protein from immature soybeans.     

A comparison of methods for measuring the effect of level of application on the relative effectiveness of two fertilizers

The effectiveness of a slowly soluble source of phosphate relative to a soluble source may decrease with increasing levels of application. This may cause yields to approach a lower asymptote. Four methods for measuring this effect are compared using field experiments in which a calcined rock phosphate (Calciphos) was compared with superphosphate for growth of subterranean clover. The methods were: subjective estimates using a hand drawn calibration curve; objective estimates using a fitted calibration curve; objective estimates using the fit of separate response curves; and objective estimates from the fit of a common response surface in which relative effectiveness was related to level of application. The role of these four methods differs. The first method, though often informative, is suitable only for an initial inspection of the data. The other three methods may all be useful for analysis but the fourth method was the most general. It gave the most sensitive statistical test and had the further advantage that it was a direct test of the hypothesis. All four methods showed that the relative effectiveness of Calciphos decreased with increasing levels of application.     

Low temperature molten salt synthesis of YAG: Ce spherical powder and its thermally stable luminescent properties after post-annealing treatment

Spherical YAG: Ce particles were successfully synthesized at 350 °C by the molten-salt method. The effect of temperature and amount of salt on the crystallization and particle size of YAG: Ce were investigated thoroughly. The results demonstrated that the powders prepared at 350 °C in salt to reactant ratio 2:1 were pure YAG: Ce phase with 200–300 nm in particle size. The as-synthesized phosphors were later post annealed at 1200 °C in O₂, air and N₂, respectively. The results showed that the emission intensity of YAG: Ce sensitively depended on the post-treated atmosphere and the phosphor annealed in N₂ showed the highest emission intensities and a good thermal stability.     

大断面煤巷变形破坏规律及控制技术

采用理论分析、FLAC3D数值计算和工程实践等方法,研究分析巷道宽度对巷道围岩变形、塑性区及应力分布的影响规律,提出了巷道临界宽度判定指标：巷道顶板拉破坏深度为1.5 m,顶板拉破坏深度大于1.5 m的巷道维护困难。并提出了超过临界宽度的巷道支护技术为：及时支护、高强高预紧力锚杆、锚索支护和高初撑力的临时支护。研究成果成功应用于王庄煤矿6207综放工作面运输巷。