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51.
Metal Ion‐Catalyzed Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Calcium Lignosulfonate in Subcritical Water
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Three metal ion catalysts, namely, Na+, K+, and Ca2+, were tested to improve liquefaction of calcium lignosulfonate, and their effects on product distribution were specifically investigated. Results showed that metal ion catalysts favored the production of hydrogen as well as of phenolic compounds. The total contents of phenolic compounds catalyzed by metal ions were generally higher than 75 %. The catalysis abilities of Na+ and K+ were better than that of Ca2+. The neutral‐alkaline condition was much more beneficial to calcium lignosulfonate liquefaction. Compared to the hydrochars with Na+ and K+ catalysts, the hydrochars with Ca2+ catalyst had higher carbon content and a higher heating value. 相似文献
52.
Sekove Vodo Kunihiko Uemura Mitsutoshi Nakajima Marcos A. Neves 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2021,56(12):6697-6706
Synthetic emulsifiers in food industries are being replaced with a customer-friendly food ingredient that is derived from biomass using sustainable green technologies. After hydrothermal liquefaction treatment, raw bagasse (21%), pith (26%), and rind portions (25%) were obtained with reduced ash contents. As aqueous extracts, with oligosaccharides and lignin residues, it was used in the preparation of oil-in-water emulsions with 5% soybean oil. Results showed that the emulsions stabilised the oil droplets with particle size between 11 and 17 µm by steric repulsion with raw bagasse-stabilised emulsion showing a better stability at 25 °C (31 days). It was demonstrated that raw bagasse extracts, without alteration, maybe a potential unconventional source for food-grade emulsifiers by integrating a versatile thermochemical conversion of waste without the use of chemicals. 相似文献
53.
For liquid ethylene gas (LEG) vessels, developing high‐efficient re‐liquefaction plant to handle the continuously yielded boil‐off gas (BOG) could significantly improve its energy efficiency. In this study, an ejector enhanced re‐liquefaction process (EERP) for LEG vessels is proposed to improve the performance of the conventional re‐liquefaction process (CRP) with a cascaded two‐stage compression refrigeration cycle. In Aspen HYSYS, an ejector model was developed to analyse the performance of the proposed cycle system. The effects of the evaporating pressure of upper cycle pR0 ' and the intermediate pressures of upper and bottom cycles (pR3 and pE3) on the performances of both the CRP and EERP were studied. The results show that better performances can be reached with lower pR0 ' for the CRP and EERP. In order to achieve the best performances, the optimal pR3 and pE3 are, respectively, lifted to 510 kPa and 630 kPa by the EERP. When the proposed cycle system with the EERP is employed to re‐liquefy 3000 kg/h of ethylene BOG, its coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency can be improved by 2.95–5.31% and 2.70–4.86% over that of the cycle system with the CRP. Correspondingly, the EERP could reduce the total power consumption of 15.7–27.9 kW compared to the CRP. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
54.
针对正压加氨浮子堵塞问题,进行了加氨管线温度检测和氨气性质分析。结果表明,加氨管线中氨气受温度和压力影响再次液化是堵塞加氨浮子的原因,根据堵塞原因采取了一系列控制措施,并对水厂加氨(氯)管线的设计和安装需要注意的问题提出了建议。 相似文献
55.
Thomas M. Yeh Jacob G. Dickinson Allison Franck Suljo Linic Levi T. Thompson Jr Phillip E. Savage 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2013,88(1):13-24
One of the promising avenues for biomass processing is the use of water as a reaction medium for wet or aquatic biomass. This review focuses on the hydrothermal catalytic production of fuels and chemicals from aquatic biomass. Two different regimes for conversion of aquatic biomass in hydrothermal conditions are discussed in detail. The first is hydrothermal liquefaction, and the second is hydrothermal gasification. The goals of these processes are to produce liquid‐fuel‐range hydrocarbons and methane or hydrogen, respectively. The catalytic upgrading of biocrude resulting from noncatalytic liquefaction and the stability and degradation of catalysts in high temperature water are also discussed. The review concludes with a brief discussion of the outlook for and opportunities within the field of hydrothermal catalytic valorization of biomass. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
56.
Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of D. tertiolecta for the production of bio‐oil over different acid/base catalysts
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Yu Chen Yulong Wu Ranran Ding Pan Zhang Ji Liu Mingde Yang Pan Zhang 《American Institute of Chemical Engineers》2015,61(4):1118-1128
In this article, two acid catalysts (ZrO2/SO42? and HZSM‐5) and two base catalysts (MgO/MCM‐41 and KtB) were used in catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Dunaliella tertiolecta (D. tertiolecta) for the production of bio‐oil. The results indicated that the acid/base property of the catalyst plays a crucial role in the catalytic HTL process, and the base catalyst is conducive to the improvement of conversion and bio‐oil yield. When KtB was used as the catalyst, the maximum conversion and bio‐oil yield was 94.84 and 49.09 wt %, respectively. The detailed compositional analysis of the bio‐oil was performed using thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, FT‐IR, and GC‐MS. The compositional analysis results showed that the introduction of catalyst is beneficial for reducing the fixed carbon content in the bio‐oil, and the structure of catalyst influences on the bio‐oil composition and boiling point distribution. Based on our results and previous studies, the probable catalytic HTL microalgae model over various catalysts can be described that the main chemical reactions include ketonization, decarboxylic, dehydration, ammonolysis, and so forth. with HZSM‐5 and MgO/MCM‐41 as the catalyst; the cyclodimerization, decomposition, Maillard reaction, and ketonization are the main reactions with ZrO2/SO42? as the catalyst; the dehydration, ammonolysis, Maillard reaction, and ketonization can occur with KtB as the catalyst. Therefore, a plausible reaction mechanism of the main chemical component in D. tertiolecta is proposed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1118–1128, 2015 相似文献
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58.
提出了含黏粒砂土模型地基制备、饱和与均匀性监测技术,利用ZJU-400土工离心机振动台开展了相同相对密度含黏粒砂土(黏粒含量10%)和洁净砂的地震液化模型试验,再现了水平场地地震液化现象,揭示了含黏粒砂土场地液化灾变特点。弯曲元波速监测表明,模型制备均匀性良好,相同条件下含黏粒砂土剪切波速比洁净砂低。而根据超静孔压消散与固结沉降观测分析发现,含黏粒砂土渗透系数比洁净砂低一个数量级,从而影响其液化前后超静孔压响应和应力应变行为。渗透性差异导致模型内超静孔压产生模式和消散速率显著不同,振动时含黏粒砂土模型浅层超静孔压累积比洁净砂慢,而深层则相反;震后含黏粒砂土孔压消散时间是洁净砂的15倍。液化过程中含黏粒砂土剪应力应变响应比相同深度处的洁净砂更显著,液化后其滞回圈应变较大、割线模量较小且阻尼比较大。土体液化沉降主要发生在液化后超静孔压消散过程,含黏粒砂土模型超静孔压消散时间更长,沉降量更大。上述成果为进一步研究含黏粒砂土地震响应分析及其液化判别提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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60.
基于煤直接液化催化剂的发展现状,提出以蒙脱石作为催化剂载体,选择对煤液化有良好加氢活性的Fe与Cr、Co、Ni等作为活性组分,通过"柱撑"工艺制备适用于煤炭直接液化的新型柱撑蒙脱石催化剂。分析了柱撑蒙脱石催化剂在煤直接液化工艺中的优势,考察了国内外柱撑蒙脱石制备工艺的研究进展,指出了影响柱撑蒙脱石催化活性、热稳定性的关键因素及进一步研究方向。将活性金属组分"柱撑"到蒙脱石层间所得的柱撑蒙脱石催化剂具有优异的催化加氢性能,但是需要在柱撑工艺、催化剂热稳定性、孔径分布调控等方面进一步深入探究。 相似文献