印度贝拉布尔低收入者住宅的设计解析

低收入者住宅是各个国家普遍关注的一个话题,在实际的许多案例中,造价与品质往往成正比,其结果,是令这些所谓的弱势群体摆脱不了自卑而容易对社会怀有敌意,带来创伤。然而从古至今,恰恰是那些贫穷的人们创造了永世留传的艺术,打造了城市发展的基石。他们应当受到建筑师的重视。本文通过对贝拉布尔低收入住宅实例的分析,试图解析居住品质与住宅造价之间究竟可以有怎样的关系。     

Challenges in Metabolomics-Based Tests,Biomarkers Revealed by Metabolomic Analysis,and the Promise of the Application of Metabolomics in Precision Medicine

Metabolomics helps identify metabolites to characterize/refine perturbations of biological pathways in living organisms. Pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical limitations that have hampered a wide implementation of metabolomics have been addressed. Several potential biomarkers originating from current targeted metabolomics-based approaches have been discovered. Precision medicine argues for algorithms to classify individuals based on susceptibility to disease, and/or by response to specific treatments. It also argues for a prevention-based health system. Because of its ability to explore gene–environment interactions, metabolomics is expected to be critical to personalize diagnosis and treatment. Stringent guidelines have been applied from the very beginning to design studies to acquire the information currently employed in precision medicine and precision prevention approaches. Large, prospective, expensive and time-consuming studies are now mandatory to validate old, and discover new, metabolomics-based biomarkers with high chances of translation into precision medicine. Metabolites from studies on saliva, sweat, breath, semen, feces, amniotic, cerebrospinal, and broncho-alveolar fluid are predicted to be needed to refine information from plasma and serum metabolome. In addition, a multi-omics data analysis system is predicted to be needed for omics-based precision medicine approaches. Omics-based approaches for the progress of precision medicine and prevention are expected to raise ethical issues.     

电力设备全寿命周期成本中故障成本的估算

针对全寿命周期成本中故障成本难预测的问题,根据电力设备累积失效概率符合威布尔(Weibull)模型的特点,运用最小二乘法对Weibull模型参数进行估计,计算出设备的期望寿命,从而建立故障成本估算模型。通过比较分析不可修复设备和可修复设备故障成本的计算方式,针对可修复设备平均寿命的特殊性,引进等劣化理论来揭示可修复设备平均寿命之间的关系,并计算出可修复设备的故障成本。算例验证了该方法的有效性。     

High‐dose cefazolin on consecutive hemodialysis in anuric patients with Staphylococcal bacteremia

Methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia is a leading cause of infection in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Cloxacillin, cefazolin, and vancomycin are the mainstay antimicrobials. Cloxacillin administration leads to frequent drug dosing, longer length of stay (LOS), and higher cost, while resistance and poorer outcomes are associated with vancomycin use. Dosing cefazolin during HD allows for prolonged blood therapeutic levels. We assessed the outcomes and safety of a strategy of treating MSSA bacteremia with 2–3 g cefazolin on HD only. All HD patients with MSSA bacteremia admitted in June–December 2009 at our center and receiving this regime were compared with historical controls who received cloxacillin. Demographic characteristics and outcome measures like mortality, LOS, cost, recrudescence, and adverse drug reactions were assessed. Of 27 consecutive episodes reviewed, 14 and 13 patients received cefazolin and cloxacillin, respectively. Baseline demographics were comparable between the 2 treatment groups. More than one‐third of the bacteremia was related to tunneled catheter infection. The 30‐day mortality of cloxacillin‐ and cefazolin‐treated patients was 15% and 7%, respectively (P=0.14). Two of the 11 survivors treated with cloxacillin (18%) had recrudescent bacteremia while none was observed in cefazolin‐treated survivors. Cefazolin was associated with shorter LOS (10 vs. 20 days, P<0.05) and lower cost (US$8262.00 vs. US$15,367.00, P<0.05). Cefazolin use resulted in 3 idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions. Cefazolin dosed on each HD in MSSA bacteremia leads to earlier discharge and less cost. Larger prospective studies are, however, warranted to fully assess its safety and efficacy.     

低成本高性能芳香族聚恶二唑纤维的发展前景

综述了俄罗斯产的芳香族聚恶二唑纤维的情况,包括纤维化学结构、基本生产工艺、纤维及制品的基本性能、应用领域、当前的生产情况、市场价位等,并分析了其生产成本、产品优势、投资前景等。指出该纤维具有优越的性能与广阔的应用领域,并具有低成本的优势,建议我国予以研发。     

工程造价咨询业激励—约束机制研究

着重从工程造价咨询企业和工程造价咨询专业人士两个方面对我国工程造价咨询业的激励—约束机制的现状做了深入分析,并对如何形成更好的工程造价咨询业的激励—约束机制进行了探讨。     

交通部08公路定额对公路工程造价影响的研究

通过对交通部公路工程的92定额及编制办法与08定额及编制办法的对比分析,研究了实物定额消耗量与费用定额消耗量的计算差别,总结了生产力发展对公路工程造价的影响,以期促进提高定额水平,降低工程造价。     

采用潮流跟踪法的输电费分摊算法

研究了在复杂电网内分摊输电线路的固定成本的方法。输电费分摊常用的方法有邮票法和MW—km法,前者较简单但没有考虑输电距离,不够公平;后者既考虑输送距离又考虑输送功率的大小,比较合理,但在复杂电网内分摊实现较困难。文中用一个5节点算例对潮流跟踪算法和直流灵敏度系数法进行了比较,结果证明前者物理概念清晰而且与平衡机节点位置的选择无关,所以推荐采用潮流跟踪法计算输电费的分摊。     

Cost‐Efficient Virtual Optical Network Embedding for Manageable Inter‐Data‐Center Connectivity

Network virtualization opens the door to novel infrastructure services offering connectivity and node manageability. In this letter, we focus on the cost‐efficient embedding of on‐demand virtual optical network requests for interconnecting geographically distributed data centers. We present a mixed integer linear programming formulation that introduces flexibility in the virtual‐physical node mapping to optimize the usage of the underlying physical resources. Illustrative results show that flexibility in the node mapping can reduce the number of add‐drop ports required to serve the offered demands by 40%.     

iCETD: An improved tag generation design for memory data authentication in embedded processor systems

Security becomes increasingly important in computing systems. Data integrity is of utmost importance. One way to protect data integrity is attaching an identifying tag to individual data. The authenticity of the data can then be checked against its tag. If the data is altered by the adversary, the related tag becomes invalid and the attack will be detected. The work presented in this paper studies an existing tag design (CETD) for authenticating memory data in embedded processor systems, where data that are stored in the memory or transferred over the bus can be tampered. Compared to other designs, this design offers the flexibility of trading-off between the implementation cost and tag size (hence the level of security); the design is cost effective and can counter the data integrity attack with random values (namely the fake values used to replace the valid data in the attack are random). However, we find that the design is vulnerable when the fake data is not randomly selected. For some data, their tags are not distributed over the full tag value space but rather limited to a much reduced set of values. When those values were chosen as the fake value, the data alteration would likely go undetected. In this article, we analytically investigate this problem and propose a low cost enhancement to ensure the full-range distribution of tag values for each data, hence effectively removing the vulnerability of the original design.