苹果皮渣的综合利用

本文介绍苹果渣综合利用。     

Synthesis of full bio-based,fast degradable,and high strength copolyesters: Poly(butylene succinate-sebacicate-salicylicate-malicate)

The presence of petroleum-based monomers in the backbone of poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) restricts its application in light of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. In this study, a novel full bio-based biodegradable random copolymer poly(butylene succinate-sebacicate-salicylicate-malicate) (PBSSeSa-c-M) was designed and synthesized. The comprehensive study encompassed the structural alterations, properties, and degradation resulting from the inclusion of salicylicate sebacicate and malicate units. The incorporation of salicylic acid effectively enhanced the tensile modulus of the copolymer, due to the effect of rigid benzene ring. Meanwhile, the addition of sebacic acid regulated the degradation rate. The introduction of malic acid significantly improved the rheological properties, endowing the copolymer with exceptional processability. The obtained high molecular weight PBSSeSa-c-M exhibited outstanding film-blowing processability with an intrinsic viscosity of 1.58 dL/g and melt flow rate of 7.34 g/10 min. The tensile modulus reaches 235.43 MPa that is comparable to commercial PBSA. Besides, the degradation of PBSSeSa-c-M reaches 18.92% over 4 weeks, far higher than that of PBSA. In conclusion, this work provides a design and synthesis for a new kind of biodegradable copolyester that satisfies the requirement of rapid degradation in single-use plastics.     

Hydrodynamic behaviour of a new permeable pavement material under high rainfall conditions

Permeable pavements are among the most effective alternative solutions for sustainable stormwater management. They decrease impervious surfaces in urban areas, reduce the risk of flooding under high rainfall conditions and protect the natural environment against stormwater pollution. In a view to ensuring sustainable stormwater management, a new eco-material has been designed for producing permeable pavements. This material is a mixture of construction wastes (crushed concrete) and organic matter (compost). The crushed concrete is the structural support and the compost is used for retention and the biological treatment of stormwater pollution. The purpose of the research work presented in this paper was to evaluate the hydrodynamic behaviour of a new permeable pavement material under high rainfall conditions. The experimental approach adopted for this research study is a temporal moment analysis. Therefore, for the experimental study, we simulated high rainfall with a return period of 10 years (Torreilles in 2001, France). The rainfall data were provided by Meteo France. The rainfall was maintained at an intensity of 126 mm/h, corresponding to a flow rate of 16 l/h at laboratory apparatus scale. Then, the flow rate was increased three times, to 25 l/h, 50 l/h and finally 100 l/h to subject the material to extreme conditions.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a new permeable pavement material produced from recycled concrete and organic matter

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a new material to be used for permeable and purifying pavements in urban areas. The new material is a mixture of crushed concrete, to provide structural support, and a compost mix intended to retain and biologically treat stormwater pollutants. The first part of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic conductivity of the material at different mixing ratios to define the range of materials suitable for urban drainage applications. The second part of the study involved using tracing experiments to quantify the effects of the pollutant transport mechanisms occurring during the water infiltration process. These experiments were conducted under steady state flows condition using a conservative tracer (NaCl). The results demonstrate that while the addition of compost significantly reduced the permeability of the concrete mix, it was still suitable for use as a paving material in an urban environment. The increased residence time of the stormwater pollutants due to the addition of the compost mix was shown to have a positive effect on the biological treatment of the stormwater pollution.     

模糊数学方法在垃圾堆肥质量评价中的应用

通过选择堆肥质量指标,制定指标评价等级,构建模糊数学评价体系,采用垃圾堆肥试验数据,在单因素评价的基础上,综合考虑各因素的影响,对堆肥质量进行模糊综合评价。结果表明运用模糊综合评价法能客观地反映堆肥质量。该法可以作为一种简单有效的城市生活垃圾堆肥质量评价方法。     

堆肥化处理生活垃圾方法的探讨

分析了生活垃圾堆肥化的原理、影响因素以及现阶段发展水平,指明了堆肥化难以普及的主要原因是堆肥产品售出率低,针对堆肥化存在的问题提出了措施和建议,主要措施为提高堆肥产品的质量、完善堆肥前的预处理工作.     

DETERMINATION OF SLUDGE COMPOST QUALITY BY BIOASSAY

The paper reports the progress on a plant germination and growth trial as part of Thames Water's quality-control procedure for sludge composting and recycling. The experiment was conducted by cultivating two types of plants in a greenhouse under controlled environmental conditions, using (a) standard peat-based multipurpose compost, (b) Terra Eco Systems multipurpose compost, and (c) woodchip-amended sludge compost.
Tomatoes and petunias were selected for the trial, and the varieties were first-generation (F) hybrid. Germinated seed counts were used to calculate germination percentages and germination values, to assess compost performance. Calculated germination values for tomato and petunias were 26.52 and 17.76 respectively for the peat-based compost: the values of tomato plants for Woodchip-amended compost and Terra Eco compost were 17.80 and 11.84 respectively; and for petunia, all composts performed similarly, with germination values ranging from 14.00 to 17.76. It was concluded that there were no significant differences between the petunia plants in three composts used in this trial.     

市政污泥处置中生物干化工艺与翻堆机选择

介绍了污泥生物干化技术的原理,通过对动态条垛、静态条垛、动态仓式、静态仓式等形式污泥生物干化工艺的比较,得出动态仓式工艺符合当前中国污泥处置现状。进一步介绍了动态仓式工艺核心设备翻堆机,结合中国市场上主流翻堆机进行了性能对比,并对各自的适用条件进行了评价。     

银川市污水处理厂污泥处置及利用的探讨

银川市污水处理厂在处理污水的同时,产生了大量的副产品污泥,为了避免污泥的二次污染．需要进一步处置,针对污水处理厂污泥的处置及利用途径作了初步研究,提出宜采用农田利用的方法进行处置;工业源污泥的处置原则是综合利用,对于近期无法综合利用的污泥,可采用填埋的方法处理．这样既避免了污泥的二次污泥,又可以为农民提供较为廉价的有机农用肥．     

Biodegradations of statistical copolymers composed of D,L‐lactide and cyclic carbonates

Syntheses and biodegradation of statistical copolymers of D ,L ‐lactide (D ,L ‐LA) with trimethylene carbonate (TMC), rac‐1‐methyltrimethylene carbonate (1‐MTMC) and 2,2‐dimethyltrimethylene carbonate (2,2‐DTMC) were investigated at various monomer ratios using SmMe(C₅Me₅)₂THF as an initiator at 80 °C for 24 h in toluene. Biodegradations of poly(D ,L ‐LA‐co‐racemo‐1‐MTMC) (95/5) and poly(D ,L ‐LA‐co‐2,2‐DTMC) (98/2) with a compost at 60 °C proceed rapidly. Enzymatic degradations of these polymers were also performed using cholesterol esterase, lipoprotein lipase and proteinase K. Only poly(D ,L ‐LA‐co‐TMC) was biodegraded with cholesterol esterase, while poly(TMC), poly(1‐MTMC), poly(2,2‐DTMC) and poly(D ,L ‐LA) were barely degraded with these enzymes. Biodegradations of poly(D ,L ‐LA‐co‐TMC) (87/13) and poly(D ,L ‐LA‐co‐racemo‐1‐MTMC) (95/5) are rapid using proteinase K. Physical properties of these copolymers were also described. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry