Effect of supplementing compost with grapeseed meal on Agaricus bisporus production

BACKGROUND: This work assesses the agronomic performance of grapeseed meal, before and after oil extraction, in nutritional compost supplement when growing the mushroom species Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. The effect of formaldehyde treatment before using this compost is also considered. Materials were applied at different doses at spawning. Along with non‐supplemented compost, three commercial nutritional supplements were used as controls. RESULTS: In general terms, grapeseed meal performance was similar to that of commercial delayed‐release nutrients, but improved the non‐supplemented compost response. We highlight that grapeseed enhances performance as larger yields of harvested mushrooms were obtained with greater dry weight content; however, their protein content was lower. The best performance was displayed by fresh formaldehyde‐treated grapeseed (6000 ppm) when applied to the 10 g kg^?1 compost dose. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that grapeseed meal offers a great potential to be applied on a commercial scale. The addition of grapeseed resulted in an enhanced performance as shown by the higher number of harvested mushrooms. The use of grapeseed meal (extracted or non‐extracted), a low‐cost ingredient with high levels of carbohydrates, may suppose an economic profit on the basis of the positive effect of adding carbon in the mushroom cultivation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

城市生活垃圾堆肥腐熟度综合指标的确定

腐熟度参数及其指标是评价堆肥过程及堆肥产品质量的重要尺度。腐熟度指标可分为三类：物理学指标、化学指标和生物学指标。目前还没有一种公认的堆肥腐熟度指标。通过系统分析现有堆肥腐熟度指标的特点及局限,讨论了建立垃圾堆肥腐熟度综合判断的必要性和可行性,提出了以C／N、比耗氧速率(SOUR)、NH4^ -N为指标建立堆肥腐熟度综合评价方法。     

A Biosolids Composting Challenge: Meeting Demand for a Peat-Free Horticultural-Grade Product

In 1996, Thames Water launched a range of peat-free compost products based on biosolids. In order to keep up with demand and to maintain the high standards of product quality, the company has investigated higher-rate composting processes and optimisation of the maturation stage. Agitated-bay composting systems are the preferred in-vessel technology for large sludge treatment centres using woodchip as a bulking agent. These automated systems (i) accelerate the composting process, (ii) maximise throughput on a smaller footprint, and (iii) achieve better control of odour emissions.
A maturation trial with composted material from the US Filter agitated-bay system confirmed that a horticultural-grade product could be attained. Small-scale maturation trials showed that seeding with mature green waste compost can accelerate nitrification to such a rate that near zero levels of ammonia can be achieved after one month of maturation.     

城市污水污泥与垃圾和粉煤灰堆肥在水稻施肥上的应用

对污泥、垃圾和粉煤灰进行成分及重金属含量检测,用污泥、垃圾和粉煤灰混合堆肥制成有机复合肥,并对水稻进行施肥试验,结果表明：桂林市城市污水污泥及垃圾中有机质和N、P、K含量丰富且不超标,堆肥制成的有机复合肥增产效果显著,具有广泛的应用价值。     

Rapid measurement and control of the moisture content of compost using near-infrared spectroscopy

In a compost fermentation of soybean-curd (tofu) refuse, the effects of the moisture content of the compost on the compost reaction were studied. The moisture content of the compost was a very important factor for good fermentation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied to the determination of the moisture content of the compost. The reflected rays in the wavelength range between 400 and 2500 nm were measured at 2 nm intervals. The absorption of water was observed at three wavelengths, 960, 1406 and 1888 nm. To formulate a calibration equation, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out between the near-infrared spectral data at 960 nm (sample number, n = 50) and on the moisture content obtained using a drying method. The values of the simple correlation coefficient and the standard error of calibration were 0.987 and 1.33%, respectively. To validate the calibration equation obtained, the moisture content in the prediction sample set (n = 35) not used for formulating the calibration equation was calculated using the calibration equation, and compared with the values obtained using the drying method. Good agreement was observed between the results of the drying method and those of the NIRS method. The simple correlation coefficient and standard error of prediction were 0.979 and 1.85%, respectively. Then, the NIRS method was applied to a practical situation in which the moisture content was measured and controlled during the compost fermentation, and good results were obtained. The study indicates that NIRS is a useful method for measurement and control of the moisture content in the compost of soybean-curd refuse.     

Effect of compost and soil properties on the availability of compost phosphate for white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Wide variation in results exists in the literature on the effectiveness of composts to sustain the phosphorus (P) nutrition of crops. The aim of this work was to assess the importance of some soil and composts properties on the utilization of compost-P by white clover (Trifolium repens L.). This study was carried out with samples collected from four composts made from solid kitchen and garden wastes, and with two soil samples taken from the A horizon of a P-rich sandy acidic Dystrochrept and of a P-limited clayey calcareous Eutrochrept. Changes in the amount of inorganic P (Pi) isotopically exchangeable within 1 min (E_1min) were measured during 32 weeks in incubated soil-composts or soil-KH₂PO₄mixtures where P sources had been added at the rate of 50 mg P kg^–1 soil. Uptake of compost-P or KH₂PO₄-P by white clover was measured on the same amended soils during 16 weeks. In both soils, the application of composts resulted after 32 weeks of incubation in E_1min values ranging between those observed in the control without P and those observed in the KH₂PO₄treatment, i.e., in values ranging between 4.2 and 5.9 mg P kg^–1 in the sandy acidic soil and between from 1.6 to 4.3 mg P kg^–1 in the clayey calcareous soil. The total coefficient of utilization of compost-P (CU-P) by white clover reached values in both soils for the four composts ranging between 6.5% and 11.6% of the added P while in the presence of KH₂PO₄ the CU-P reached values ranging between 14.5% in the clayey calcareous soil and 18.5% in the sandy acidic soil. Results obtained in the sandy acidic soil suggest, that white clover initially used a fraction of the rapidly exchangeable compost P, while at a latter stage plant roots enhanced the mineralisation of compost organic P and took up a fraction of the mineralized P. These relations were not observed in the clayey calcareous soil probably because of its high sorbing capacity for P. In the sandy acidic soil, composts application increased the uptake of soil P by the plant from 31.4 mg P kg^–1 soil in the control without P to values ranging between 37.9 to 42.7 mg P kg^–1 soil in the presence of composts. This indirect effect was related to a general improvement of plant growth conditions in this soil induced by compost addition (from 9.9 g DM kg^–1 soil in the control without P to values ranging between 14.0 to 16.1 g DM kg^–1 soil in the presence of composts) and/or to the release of Al- or Fe bound soil P to the solution due to soil pH increase following compost application. Finally the total coefficient of utilization of P (CU-P) derived from KH₂PO₄ and composts was related to the total amount of N exported by white clover in the P-limited clayey calcareous soil but not in the P-rich sandy acidic soil. This suggests that in a soil where N₂ biological fixation is limited by low P availability, the CU-P of a compost by white clover is not only related to the forms of P present in the compost but also to its effect on N nutrition. However, it is not clear whether this improved N nutrition was due to compost mineralisation, or to an indirect compost effect on the N₂ biological fixation.     

一种新型口罩在两种堆肥条件下的生物降解性比较

为探索一种新型口罩在需氧和厌氧两种堆肥条件下的生物降解性能差异,采用国际上广泛认可的标准方法分别开展研究,获得了该新型口罩的生物降解率数据。统计分析结果显示,在ISO 14855-1和ISO 15985试验条件下,新型口罩在第90天时的生物降解率分别为66.4%和21.2%,该新型口罩在需氧条件中的生物降解性能远优于厌氧条件。研究表明,该新型口罩废弃后,宜采用需氧工业堆肥装置进行处理。     

城市垃圾堆肥处理厂技术经济评价指标

《城市生活垃圾堆肥处理厂技术经济评价指标》课题研究成果表明：堆肥厂技术经济评价指标是一个含综合性指标和专项指标；建设指标和运营指标；货币指标和实物指标的完整指标体系；是城市环境卫生行业技术标准体系的一个重要组成部分；是设计、建设、管理城市生活垃圾堆肥处理厂的重要科学依据．     

薯类酒精糟液处理及综合利用技术研究

薯类酒精糟液具有浓度高、处理难度大、综合利用效益不明显等特点，因此没有成熟有效的专门技术，PAFT系统集成了先进固液分离技术、两相厌氧技术、多级A／O污水处理技术、高速好氧制肥技术，适应薯类酒精糟液特点，提供了一种良好而有效的治理选择。