农村分散生活污水治理技术探讨

通过对农村污水排放规律和污染特征的分析,针对大部分农户居住地分散、污水不易集中收集的特点,提出组团处理模式,将相邻家庭的污水收集到一起共同处理,该方法既可以均化水量和水质,还可以降低污水处理设施的运营和维护成本.另外,主张农村厕所采用源分离排水系统,从源头对黄水、褐水进行分类收集,再通过技术手段回收其中的营养物质用于肥...     

堆肥过程中的微生物研究

堆肥是由群落结构演替非常迅速的多个微生物群体共同作用而实现固体废物无害化的动态过程。作者通过分析相关研究结果,在文章介绍了开发和研究微生物堆肥的一些微观过程。微生物群落演替,在降解有机材料中对微生物的选择和应用,堆肥微生物研究方向中微生物的应用被用来研究堆肥中的微生物。得出结论是,在研究堆肥中微生物时应把重点放在分子生物学方法的利用和能降解多种有机材料的高效率的,复杂的和稳定的微生物群落。微生物群落应在构建系微生物的基础上提高其适应复杂条件的能力以求达到群落优势度。     

花生壳作为调理剂在城市污泥堆肥中的应用

研究不同类型调理剂与污泥在堆肥过程中温度、pH值、氨氮、总磷、含水率、有机质等物质的变化特征,结果表明:花生壳具有良好的污泥堆肥调理效果,好氧堆肥使污泥达到无害化和稳定化,当花生壳添加量为20%左右时,堆肥升温较快,全磷含量高,氨氮损失小。     

堆肥过程中产生的尾气

堆肥过程中产生大量的臭气,考察这些臭气的组成、含量对处理城市生活垃圾堆肥有重大意义。实验采用气相色谱质谱联用仪（GCMS）对收集的堆肥尾气进行检测,测得21种气体,其中含量较大的气体为NH3和H2S等。     

A Biosolids Composting Challenge: Meeting Demand for a Peat-Free Horticultural-Grade Product

In 1996, Thames Water launched a range of peat-free compost products based on biosolids. In order to keep up with demand and to maintain the high standards of product quality, the company has investigated higher-rate composting processes and optimisation of the maturation stage. Agitated-bay composting systems are the preferred in-vessel technology for large sludge treatment centres using woodchip as a bulking agent. These automated systems (i) accelerate the composting process, (ii) maximise throughput on a smaller footprint, and (iii) achieve better control of odour emissions.
A maturation trial with composted material from the US Filter agitated-bay system confirmed that a horticultural-grade product could be attained. Small-scale maturation trials showed that seeding with mature green waste compost can accelerate nitrification to such a rate that near zero levels of ammonia can be achieved after one month of maturation.     

Dry anaerobic batch digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

Anaerobic digestion at high solid concentrations (dry anaerobic digestion) is an attractive method for the stabilization of solid organic wastes. A new concept for dry anaerobic batch digestion (BIOCEL) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste is presented. The start up of a BIOCEL reactor was studied with several methods of process set up and operation. Dry anaerobic digestion of the pure undiluted organic fraction obtained from a shredding/separation process was not accelerated by partial spatial separation of substrate and methanogenic inoculum (granular sludge) or leachate recycle, or both. With these three methods after 30 days the high organic acids concentration and low pH in the reactor indicated a sour reactor, unable to establish significant methane production. When the organic fraction was digested in combination with compost addition (40% (w/w) of the initial solids) and leachate recycle, the stabilization rate increased significantly. Leachate recycling in combination with partial spatial separation of the substrate/compost mixture and the inoculum showed the shortest lag phase in the methane production and the shortest digestion time. When the digested residue of a completed digestion was applied as the methanogenic inoculum (40% (w/w) of the initial total solids) the digestion time was slightly shorter. It is concluded that dilution with compost had a positive effect on the start up of the dry anaerobic digestion and compensated for a suboptimal amount of initial methanogenic biomass. During the start up of dry anaerobic batch digestion of municipal solid waste the rapid recovery of methane formation from an initial overloading was observed and was found to be the result of a population shift in the methanogenic biomass and the existence of zones in the reactor with more optimal conditions (higher p H, lower organic acids concentration). The observed digestion time was 36 days. Recommendations are given to shorten the period needed, for complete digestion.     

LDPE/有机金属降解剂/配合剂体系降解性的研究

以低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）／铁（或锡）的有机合物／含氮有机物为降解体系,制成薄膜样品,于模拟堆肥环境中降解,跟踪取样,测定其粘均分子量及氢过氧化物浓度([POOH])变化,另外,进行了傅立叶变换红外（FT－IR）和差示扫描量热分析（DSC）测试,结果表明,所选用的某些体系能够在堆肥条件下高效降解,薄膜样品在降解60d后分子量大幅度降低,羟基含量,结晶度呈现明显的增高趋势,降解程度受降解剂种类,配合剂种类及含量,降解环境等诸多因素影响,所测[POOH]变化趋势与分子量变化存在着关联性,这为降解机理的进一步讨论打下了基础。     

含铬污泥的堆肥化处理及其复合肥的应用效果

对电镀废铬液经处理后的含铬污泥进行了堆肥化处理，处理后其物理、化学性状有显著改善，此时每1g污泥中铬（Ⅵ）含量由4.060mg降到0.028mg，对植物的危害性因此大大降低。将此含铬污染与化肥复配制成复合肥，作为微肥施于盆裁花卉上，花卉有较好的生长响应。     

城市污水污泥与垃圾和粉煤灰堆肥在水稻施肥上的应用

对污泥、垃圾和粉煤灰进行成分及重金属含量检测,用污泥、垃圾和粉煤灰混合堆肥制成有机复合肥,并对水稻进行施肥试验,结果表明：桂林市城市污水污泥及垃圾中有机质和N、P、K含量丰富且不超标,堆肥制成的有机复合肥增产效果显著,具有广泛的应用价值。     

我国污泥堆肥的土地利用现状及对策

污泥堆肥的土地利用是污泥处置和资源化利用的最经济可行的方式,被许多国家广泛采用,由于近年来污泥产量不断增大,污泥堆肥的农用范围也在增大.笔者主要介绍了我国污泥堆肥的土地利用现状,以及利用过程中存在的环境问题,并提出参考性对策.