Estimating life-form cover fractions in California sage scrub communities using multispectral remote sensing

The California sage scrub (CSS) community type in California's Mediterranean-type ecosystems is known for its high biodiversity and is home to a large number of rare, threatened, and endangered species. Because of extensive urban development in the past fifty years, this ecologically significant community type is highly degraded and fragmented. To conserve endangered CSS communities, monitoring internal conditions of communities is as crucial as monitoring distributions of the community type in the region. Vegetation type mapping and field sampling of individual plants provide ecologically meaningful information about CSS communities such as spatial distribution and species compositions, respectively. However, both approaches only provide spatially comprehensive information but no information about internal conditions or vice versa. Therefore, there is a need for monitoring variables which fill the information gap between vegetation type maps and field-based data. A number of field-based studies indicate that life-form fractional cover is an effective indicator of CSS community health and habitat quality for CSS-obligated species. This study investigates the effectiveness of remote sensing approaches for estimating fractional cover of true shrub, subshrub, herb, and bare ground in CSS communities of southern California. Combinations of four types of multispectral imagery ranging from 0.15 m resolution scanned color infrared aerial photography to 10 m resolution SPOT 5 multispectral imagery and three image processing models - per-pixel, object-based, and spectral mixture models - were tested.An object-based image analysis (OBIA) routine consistently yielded higher accuracy than other image processing methods for estimating all cover types. Life-form cover was reliably predicted, with error magnitudes as low as 2%. Subshrub and herb cover types required finer spatial resolution imagery for more accurate predictions than true shrub and bare ground types. Positioning of sampling grids had a substantial impact on the reliability of accuracy assessment, particularly for cover estimates predicted using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) applied to SPOT imagery. Of the approaches tested in this study, OBIA using pansharpened QuickBird imagery is one of the most promising approaches because of its high accuracy and processing efficiency and should be tested for more heterogeneous CSS landscapes. MESMA applied to SPOT imagery should also be examined for effectiveness in estimating factional cover over more extensive habitat areas because of its low data cost and potential for conducting retrospective studies of vegetation community conditions.     

Quasi-rocking real-time pushdown automata

A pushdown automaton (PDA) is quasi-rocking if it preserves the stack height for no more than a bounded number of consecutive moves. Every PDA can be transformed into an equivalent one that is quasi-rocking and real-time and every finite-turn (one-turn) PDA can be transformed into an equivalent one that is quasi-rocking or real-time. The quasi-rocking [quasi-rocking in the increasing mode, and quasi-rocking in the decreasing mode] real-time restriction in finite-turn (one-turn) PDAs coincides with the double Greibach [reverse Greibach, and Greibach] form in nonterminal-bounded (linear) context-free grammars. This provides complete grammatical characterizations of quasi-rocking and/or real-time (finite-turn and one-turn) PDAs and, together with known relations and other relations proved in the present paper, yields an extended hierarchy of PDA languages. Basic decision properties for PDAs can be stated in stronger forms by using the quasi-rocking and real-time restrictions and their undecidability/decidability status rests on the way PDAs quasi-rock.     

对已有信息表二次利用的程序开发

Excel是OFFICE家族成员中一个功能强大、技术先进、使用方便的数据管理和分析系统。而在Excel中使用VBA(Visual Basicfor Application的简称)对已有的信息表进行宏编程,可以使用户高效地生成新的工作表,达到办公自动化的目的。文章用班级成绩表生成重考报名表的实例,揭示了利用VBA在Excel中进行二次开发,提高工作效率,保证数据准确性的强大功能。     

有线电视工程预算系统的设计

工程预算是有线电视工程建设中必须的一项工作。叙述了有线电视工程预算编制的方法和步骤,设计了一种基于Access数据库的有线电视工程预算系统,并介绍了预算系统的设计方案和基本的功能。详细介绍了系统关键表和预算窗体的设计、材料表和机械台班表的数据追加、总计数额的计算、报表的设计和主界面的设计等建立系统所用到的关键技术。实践说明该系统可满足有线电视工程预算工作的需求。     

Residual phosphate fertilizer compounds in soils

A variety of P compounds can accumulate in soils as residues of fertilizer and may influence soil test versus plant yield relationships. This work evaluates specific chemical extractants for their capacity to identify such Al, Fe and Ca phosphates in soils as a basis for increasing the precision of yield prediction. Aluminium phosphate, iron phosphate, calcium phosphate (apatite) and P sorbed onto gibbsite, goethite and calcite were added to four Western Australian lateritic soils. These soils were then subjected to sequential selective extraction using a modified Chang and Jackson procedure in order to evaluate the selectivity of these extractants for the different forms of P with the sequence of extraction: 1 M NH₄Cl, 0.5 M NH₄F, 0.1 M NaOH + 1 M NaCl, citrate-dithionite-bicarbonate (CDB), 1 M NaOH and 1 M HCl. The results show that the procedure is not sufficiently specific and thus might be of little value for estimating the forms and amounts of residues of phosphate rock fertilizers in soils.     

浅谈软弱地基上堤坝的浅层非圆弧滑动分析

堤坝边坡稳定问题通常采用圆弧法进行计算分析,但当地基表层存在淤泥软土时,还应对堤坝进行浅层非圆弧滑动的稳定分析。本文以上海某圈围工程为例,通过稳定计算分析验证:地基表层为软弱土层的堤坝存在浅层非圆弧滑动较圆弧滑动更为不利的稳定问题,设计时应予以重视。     

休闲文化建设视野下创建全民健身新形式的研究

随着信息技术的发展、自动化程度的提高、现代化交通工具的普及,现代都市生活中休闲时间的增加和休闲运动形式的日趋丰富,休闲运动已成为影响人们生活状况的主要方面。全民健身活动开展18年来虽然取得了一定的成绩,但是也仍然存在一些不足,传统的体育活动已经不能满足人们的休闲健身需求,因此在休闲文化建设视野下,对休闲运动创建全民健身新形式进行初步研究是十分必要的。     

Experimental investigation on the stability of bride girder against tsunami forces

Bridges are the most useful part in the transportation network. Any disruption of the bridge structures may hamper the whole transportation system. In the last recent tsunamis, numerous number of bridges were structurally damaged by the tsunami waves. Lack of proper provisions of tsunami forces in the design guidelines also contributes to the augmentations of the damage level. Therefore, proper evaluation of the tsunami forces on the bridge girder should be introduced in the design promptly. In this study, laboratory experiments were carried out to reveal the damage mechanism of the bridge girder by assessing the exerted tsunami forces. Both broken and unbroken waves were considered for the analysis. The results showed that measured forces were larger for broken waves than those of unbroken waves. Maximum force of the broken waves was 4.59 times as large as the hydrostatic pressure. Also, waves reached the peak value more rapidly for larger wave heights than those of smaller ones. Additionally, a girder that is placed at a higher position is much vulnerable to tsunami hazard.     

面向工作流的RBAC模型研究

针对传统的基于角色的访问控制(RBAC)模型存在数据对象划分不清晰、权限分配不够灵活等问题,基于RBAC模型提出了工作流的概念.即将所有数据对象抽象成业务表单,为每个业务表单分配一个工作流,通过工作流的结点及分配的角色来解决用户与数据对象的权限控制问题.实验结果表明,该模型有效地实现了对数据实例的细粒度控制,具有较好实用性与可操作性,较好解决了相同角色对不同数据对象的不同访问权限控制问题.     

级联函数的代数免疫性研究

研究级联函数的代数免疫性,级联构造方法是构造具有良好密码学性质布尔函数的重要方法。讨论级联函数 和 的代数免疫性,得到它们代数免疫阶的上下界,并分别给出达到其上界的一个充分条件。与已有的研究相比,该充分条件在实际应用时更容易得到满足,且易于判别。