我国皇冠盖行业现状及发展趋势

介绍了皇冠盖基本结构和用途,分析了目前国内皇冠盖的发展现状,指出了国内皇冠盖在材料、模具和生产设备的上发展的局限性。阐述了我国皇冠盖行业在发展中存在的问题,并指出其今后的发展趋势和研究方向。     

Association of digital cushion thickness with sole temperature measured with the use of infrared thermography

The main objective of this study was to investigate the association between digital cushion thickness and sole temperature measured by infrared thermography. Data were collected from 216 lactating Holstein cows at 4 to 10 d in milk (DIM). Cows were locomotion scored and sole temperature was measured after claw trimming (a minimum delay of 3 min was allowed for the hoof to cool) using an infrared thermography camera. Temperature was measured at the typical ulcer site of the lateral digit of the left hind foot. Immediately after the thermographic image was obtained, the thickness of the digital cushion was measured by ultrasonography. Rumen fluid samples were collected with a stomach tube and sample pH was measured immediately after collection. Additionally, a blood sample was obtained and used for measurements of serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and haptoglobin. To evaluate the associations of digital cushion thickness with sole temperature, a linear regression model was built using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Sole temperature was the response variable, and digital cushion thickness quartiles, locomotion score group, rumen fluid pH, rumen fluid sample volume, environmental temperature, age in days, and serum levels of NEFA, BHBA, and haptoglobin were fitted in the model. Only significant variables were retained in the final model. Simple linear regression scatter plots were used to illustrate associations between sole temperature (measured by infrared thermography at the typical ulcer site) and environmental temperature and between NEFA and BHBA serum levels and haptoglobin. One-way ANOVA was used to compare rumen fluid pH for different locomotion score groups and for different digital cushion quartiles. Results from the multivariable linear regression model showed that sole temperature increased as locomotion scores increased and decreased as digital cushion thickness increased. These results were adjusted for environmental temperature, which was significantly associated with sole temperature. Serum levels of NEFA, BHBA, and haptoglobin were not associated with sole temperature. However, significant correlations existed between serum levels of NEFA and haptoglobin and between serum levels of BHBA and haptoglobin. Rumen fluid pH was not associated with either locomotion score or digital cushion thickness. In conclusion, we show here that digital cushion thickness was associated with sole temperature in cows at 4 to 10 DIM.     

中原地区虎头帽的工艺

 针对中原地区虎头帽的制作工艺进行研究分析。通过实地考察与民艺采风的方式,对虎头帽的制作纸样、制作工艺与制作材料逐一进行了研究。在纸样方面,包括帽身纸样与五官纸样2个组成部分,对眼、鼻、牙、嘴等五官部位纸样分别作了记录并制图;在工艺方面,对帽身与五官的制作步骤与制作方式作了记录与分析;在材料方面,从面料、里料、衬料与辅料等方面逐一作了记录与评述。在此基础上,总结出中原地区虎头帽范式与随机相结合、技术与艺术相结合、整料与零料相结合、拼贴与刺绣相结合的工艺特色。     

不同含量发泡剂制备的纤维发泡材料的性能研究

以玉米秸秆粉末和废瓦楞纸板为主要原料,通过微波发泡研制出了一种环境友好的新型环保缓冲包装材料,并探讨了不同发泡剂含量制备植物纤维微波发泡缓冲包装材料的力学性能和微观性能。结果表明,AIBN发泡剂的不同含量对材料的静态压缩性能及回弹率影响显著,随着AIBN发泡剂含量的增多,在相同的应变条件下,材料的应力随之减小,材料的缓冲性能有所增强,回弹率先上升后下降。另外,借助电子扫描显微镜,研究了不同添加量的发泡剂对材料孔结构的影响。最后,采用FTIR对材料的分子结构进行了分析。     

A prospective cohort study of digital cushion and corium thickness. Part 1: Associations with body condition,lesion incidence,and proximity to calving

Claw horn disruption lesions (CHDL) are a major cause of lameness in dairy cattle and are likely a result of excessive forces being applied to the germinal epithelium that produces the claw horn. The digital cushion is a connective tissue structure, containing depots of adipose tissue, that sits beneath the distal phalanx and has been shown to be thicker in fatter cows. Body condition score (BCS) loss is a risk factor for CHDL, and one possible explanation is that fat is mobilized from the digital cushion during negative energy balance, causing the digital cushion to thin and lose force-dissipating capacity, leading to disruption of claw horn growth. This prospective cohort study investigated the association between measures of body fat and sole soft tissue (SST) thickness (a combined measure of the corium and digital cushion beneath the distal phalanx) in a longitudinal manner. The SST of 179 cows in 2 high-yielding dairy herds were measured at 5 assessment points between 8 wk before and 35 wk postcalving. The BCS, back fat thickness (BFT), and lesion incidence were recorded. Data were analyzed in a 4-level mixed effects regression model, with the outcome being SST thickness beneath the flexor tuberosity of the distal phalanx. Data from 827 assessment points were available for analysis. The overall mean of SST was 4.99 mm (standard deviation: 0.95). The SST was thickest 8 wk before calving (5.22 mm, standard deviation: 0.91) and thinnest 1 wk postcalving (4.68 mm, standard deviation: 0.87), suggesting an effect of calving on SST. The BFT was positively correlated with SST in the model with a small effect size (a 10 mm decrease in BFT corresponded with a 0.13 mm decrease in SST), yet the nadir of BFT was 11.0 mm at 9 to 17 wk postcalving (when SST was ～4.95 mm), rather than occurring with the nadir of SST immediately after calving. The SST also varied with other variables [e.g., cows that developed a sole ulcer or severe sole hemorrhage during the study had thinner SST (?0.24 mm)], except when a sole ulcer was present, when it was thicker (+0.53 mm). Cows that developed lesions had a thinner digital cushion before the lesion occurrence, which became thickened with sole ulcer presence, perhaps representing inflammation. Furthermore, although BFT was correlated with SST over time, SST may also have been influenced by other factors such as integrity of the suspensory apparatus, which could have a major effect on CHDL. Measures of body fat likely contributed to having thin SST, but other factors including calving, herd, and lesion presence also had an effect.     

Short communication: Genetic characterization of digital cushion thickness

Dairy cow lameness is a serious animal welfare issue. It is also a significant cause of economic losses, reducing reproductive efficiency and milk production and increasing culling rates. The digital cushion is a complex structure composed mostly of adipose tissue located underneath the distal phalanx and has recently been phenotypically associated with incidence of claw horn disruption lesions (CHDL); namely, sole ulcers and white line disease. The objective of this study was to characterize digital cushion thickness genetically and to investigate its association with body condition score (BCS), locomotion score (LOCO), CHDL, and milk production. Data were collected from 1 large closely monitored commercial dairy farm located in upstate New York; 923 dairy cows were used. Before trimming, the following data were collected by a member of the research team: BCS, cow height measurement, and LOCO. Presence or not of CHDL (sole ulcer or white line disease, or both) was recorded at trimming. Immediately after the cows were hoof trimmed, they underwent digital sonographic B-mode examination for the measurement of digital cushion thickness. Factors such as parity number, stage of lactation, calving date, mature-equivalent 305-d milk yield (ME305MY), and pedigree information were obtained from the farm’s dairy management software (DairyCOMP 305; Valley Agricultural Software, Tulare, CA). Univariate animal models were used to obtain variance component estimations for each studied trait (CHDL, BCS, digital cushion thickness average, LOCO, height, and ME305MY) and a 6-variate analysis was conducted to estimate the genetic, residual, and phenotypic correlations between the studied traits. The heritability estimate of DCTA was 0.33 ± 0.09, whereas a statistically significant genetic correlation was estimated between DCTA and CHDL (−0.60 ± 0.29). Of the other genetic correlations, significant estimates were derived for BCS with LOCO (−0.49 ± 0.19) and ME305MY (−0.48 ± 0.20). Digital cushion thickness is moderately heritable and genetically strongly correlated with CHDL.     

纸机烘缸漏汽的防治

简要分析了造纸烘缸漏汽的主要原因,强调了为防止烘缸漏汽在使用中应注意的问题,提出了发生泄漏时的处理措施,以及密封结构的优化设计.     

Optimum Measure of Cap Color in Agaricus bisporus Wild and Cultivated Strains

Cap color was characterized on a wide range of Agaricus bisporus strains. L, a and b tristimulus coordinates were tested by linear model analysis to determine color information related to each parameter. One model was retained: log(L/(100-L)) =α* H +β. Visual cap color variation was continuous and well described by log(L/(100-L)) or H parameters. In the wild, the range of color varied from white to dark brown which would enable mushroom breeding for cap color adapted to the market.     

软上地基上加筋碎石垫层工作性状试验研究

通过模型试验研究了加筋和不加筋碎石垫层在软土地基上的承载特性,分析了垫层厚度、加筋材料、加筋层数、筋体布置位置等因素对垫层承载特性的影响。结果表明：垫层厚度对地基沉降影响明显,合理的垫层厚度能有效地降低地基的沉降;加筋后的碎石垫层对降低地基沉降的效果更明显,同等条件下,土工格室的加筋效果优于土工格栅;加筋层数及筋体布置位置对加垫碎石垫层承载特性有一定影响,层数越多加筋效果越好,将筋体布置在垫层下部时效果最好;加垫层能在一定程度上提高地基基床系数,其中土工格室加筋碎石垫层对提高地基基床系数效果最好。     

印尼凝灰质粘性土工程特性及地基方案优化

国华印尼穆印电厂属BOO项目,工程场地由第三系凝灰质细粒土组成,具有含水量高、孔隙比大和高塑性等工程特性。地基处理选择中,通过调整总平面布置、垫层试验研究和全面论证,采用厚度达7m的砂砾石垫层换填,放弃了在印尼当地技术难以实现、质量控制难度大、施工工期长和综合造价高的钻孔灌注桩方案。建筑物沉降观测表明,沉降量和沉降差在容许范围内,方案是经济合理和成功有效的。