环保型真空镀铝纸的生产及其降解性能评价

真空镀铝纸是一种绿色环保型印刷包装材料.本文从保护环境,推行绿色包装的角度,对真空镀铝纸的生产工艺、影响因素和应用方面进行阐述,并对其降解性能进行了评价.     

提高印染废水可生化降解酌研究

利用微电解法预处理难生化降解的印染废水,对影响微电解效率的因素进行了研究。结果表明：在印染废水的pH为4,作用时间为60min,铁炭的质量比为2：1时,微电解法对难生化降解的印染废水的色度、CODCr的去除率分别达到96％和65％,BOD5／CODCr的比值由0．19提高到0．42,预处理后的印染废水的可生化性能明显提高。     

Effect of prehydrolysis of milk fat on its conversion to biogas

Milk fat is considered to be the main limiting component of the kinetics of dairy wastewater anaerobic digestion. The objective of this work was to give a better understanding of the nonelucidated anaerobic degradation steps of milk fat. For that purpose, the kinetics of fat degradation was quantified in comparison with other milk components (lactose, proteins), regarding the milk fat polluting load and structure [globular (native state), triglycerides]. This work confirms that milk fat is degraded after a lag phase of several days, with a maximal degradation rate 2 to 5 times less than the degradation rate of the other milk components. It was shown that (1) the structure of the fat does not influence the limits of its anaerobic degradation; (2) the lag phase before biogas production is mainly due to unsaturated free fatty acids (FFA); and (3) conversion to biogas occurs at a lower rate for saturated than for unsaturated FFA. Therefore, the prehydrolysis of fat, which increases the instantaneous concentration of unsaturated FFA, sharply increases the length of the lag phase with no significant change in the maximal biogas production rate. To reduce the delay imposed in the biogas production, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of unsaturated FFA.     

Conditions stimulating neutral detergent fiber degradation by dosing branched-chain volatile fatty acids. I: Comparison with branched-chain amino acids and forage source in ruminal batch cultures

Three experiments assessed branched-chain volatile fatty acid (BCVFA) stimulation of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance after 24 h of incubation in batch cultures derived from ruminal fluid inocula that were enriched with particulate-phase bacteria. In experiment 1, a control was compared with 3 treatments with isomolar doses of all 3 BCVFA (plus valerate), all 3 branched-chain AA (BCAA), or half of each BCVFA and BCAA mix with either alfalfa or grass hays (50%) and ground corn grain (50%). A portion of the BCAA and BCVFA doses were enriched with ¹³C, and valerate (also enriched with ¹³C) was added with BCVFA. Although BCAA yielded a similar production of BCVFA compared with dosing BCVFA, equimolar substitution of BCVFA for BCAA decreased the percentage of N in bacterial pellets when alfalfa hay was fed but increased N when grass hay was fed. Substituting BCVFA for BCAA increased total fatty acid (FA) concentration with alfalfa hay. Dosing of BCAA or BCVFA did not affect total branched-chain FA, iso-FA, or anteiso-FA percentages in bacterial total FA, whereas numerous individual FA isomers and their ¹³C enrichments were affected by these treatments. Increasing recovery of the ¹³C dose from respective labeled BCVFA primers indicated facilitated BCVFA uptake and incorporation into FA compared with BCAA, whereas increased recovery of ¹³C from labeled BCAA in the bacteria pellet but not in the FA fraction suggested direct assimilation into bacterial protein. The BCVFA and valerate were dosed in varying combinations that either summed to 4 mM (experiment 2) or had only 1 mM no matter what combination (experiment 3). In general, grass hay was more responsive to stimulation in NDF digestibility by BCVFA than was alfalfa hay, which was attributed to the higher degradable protein in the latter. The net production of the BCVFA (after subtracting dose) was affected by source and combination of BCVFA. Isovalerate dosing tended to increase its own net production; in contrast, isobutyrate seemed to be used more when it was added alone, but 2-methylbutyrate seemed to be preferred over isobutyrate when 2-methylbutyrate was added. Results supported potential interactions, including potential feedback in production from feed BCAA or increased concentration-dependent competition for dosed BCVFA into cellular products. Under our conditions, the BCVFA appear to be more readily available than BCAA, probably because of regulated BCAA transport and metabolism. Valerate consistently provided no benefit. Using nonparametric ranking, all 3 BCVFA or either isovalerate or isobutyrate (both yielding iso-FA) should be combined with 2-methylbutyrate (yielding anteiso-FA) as a potential opportunity to improve NDF digestibility when rumen-degraded BCAA are limited in diets to decrease environmental impact from N in waste.     

Short communication: Effect of washing method,grinding size,and the determination of an indigestible fraction on in situ degradation of starch in mature corn grain

The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the effect of grinding size (1, 2, 4, and 6 mm) to determine effective ruminal disappearance (ERD); (2) the most adequate method to estimate the rapidly degradable fraction (A); (3) a time point to measure the indigestible fraction (C); and (4) the viability of using fewer time points to estimate starch fractional disappearance rate (k_d) of mature corn grain. Fraction A was determined by rinsing in a bucket or washing machine, rumen immersion followed by bucket or washing machine, and water immersion for 30 min followed by bucket or washing machine. Ruminal in situ incubations were performed at 48, 72, 96, and 120 h to determine fraction C, and at 0 (washing machine), 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h to determine the kinetics of starch disappearance. Models were used with either 2 or 3 pools and k_d was determined by the linear slope of the log-transformed bag residues as a proportion of incubated samples over time. The ERD was calculated as A + B [k_d/(k_d + kp)], where kp is the ruminal fractional passage rate = 16.0% h^?1. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with the fixed effects of run (for fraction A analysis only) method (either washing or model), grinding size, and method by grinding size interaction, with cow as a random effect. Correlation between estimates calculated using all time points or combinations of 2 and 3 time points were determined using PROC CORR. Fraction A was reduced as grinding size increased, but was not altered by washing method. Samples ground at 6 mm had greater fraction C than other grinding sizes at 48, 72, or 96 h, but not at 120 h. Model affected the slowly degradable fraction (B) values solely, but the difference was minor (0.5 percentage units). Greater fractions B and C but reduced k_d and ERD were observed as grinding size increased. Based on correlation analysis the 2-pool model, incubation times of 0, 3, and 48 h were suitable to evaluate ruminal starch degradation kinetics in mature corn. Ruminal in situ incubation at 120 h highlighted the lack of a fraction C of starch (0.13% of starch). Washing method did not affect determination of fraction A of starch. Ruminal in situ incubations of 0, 3, and 48 h for starch degradation kinetics using a 2-pool model were adequate for mature ground corn, but 120 h of incubation is suggested to confirm the existence or absence of a fraction C. Grinding size affected starch degradation kinetics and fraction A determination.     

棉秆的微生物降解及糖化工艺研究

用2株放线菌J71、J74对经一定预处理的棉秆进行降解,首先检测了2株菌降解棉秆纤维的酶活动力学,结果表明,一定检测周期内,2株菌对棉秆有较强的降解作用,其酶活高峰期均出现在第6 d。以棉秆作为唯一碳源,研究了不同氮源:(NH4)2SO40.1%、0.2%、0.5%,尿素0.1%、0.2%、0.5%,10%麸皮汁对菌株产酶能力的影响。结果显示,以10%麸皮汁为氮源时,J71和J74降解棉秆的CMC酶活、FPA酶活及糖化率最高。通过正交试验检测了发酵影响因子棉秆粒径、发酵液起始pH、发酵温度和发酵时间对菌株J71和J74降解棉秆糖化率的影响,得出了棉秆糖化较优的工艺参数,即将棉秆制成10目粒径的颗粒,维持发酵液在pH 5.0～6.0,于37℃发酵9 d,能获得较高的糖化率。     

环脂肽生产菌株Bacillus subtilisOw-097生物合成条件优化研究

为进一步提高环脂肽的产量,应用单因素试验与正交设计对Bacillu ssubtilis0w-097产环脂肽深层液体发酵培养基组成及发酵条件进行了优化。优化的发酵培养基组成为：玉米粉4．0％、豆粕粉3．0％、CaCl21．2g／L、KH2PO42．0g／L、Na2HPO48．0g／L和起始pH值为8．5。最佳培养备件：装瓶量为125mL,菌龄为24h,接种量为4％,培养温度为37℃,摇床转速为200rpm。在此优化条件下环脂肽的产量为1．026g／L。     

Effect of non‐isothermal processing and moisture content on the anthocyanin degradation and colour kinetics of cherry pomace

Anthocyanins (ACY) and colour changes in cherry pomace under non‐isothermal processing were investigated. Pomace at moisture levels of 70% (MC‐70), 41% (MC‐41) and 25% (MC‐25) was heated at 126.7 °C in a retort for 25, 40 and 60 min. Total ACY, Hunter colour values, total colour difference (ΔE), chroma, hue angle (h°) and browning index (BI) were analysed. Thermal degradation kinetics for colour parameters were determined using zero‐ and first‐order models. ACY degradation increased with heating time and ranged from 34 to 68% for 25 and 60 min heating, respectively. The half‐life of ACY was 38, 33 and 27 min for MC‐70, MC‐41 and MC‐25 pomace, respectively. The ΔE increased with increasing heating time, whereas BI exhibited an inverse trend. Except for ?E for MC‐70, the zero‐order kinetic model showed better fit (R² = 0.85–0.97) to experimental data than the first‐order kinetic model for Hunter colour b values and ?E.     

Freshness and quality attributes of cold stored Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) gravad

Quality and safety parameters of Atlantic bonito gravad during 42 days of storage at 7 ± 1 °C were analysed using monitoring sensory quality, microbial contamination, nucleotide degradation products, biogenic amines (BA), trimethylamine (TMA) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The shelf‐life of vacuum packed Atlantic bonito gravad was found to be 28 days. Total viable count (TVC) did not exceed 6 log CFU g^?1. Malonodialdehyde (MDA) content did not surpass 10 mg kg^?1. Nine biogenic amines were detected. Histamine level at the end of the storage was 355.3 mg kg^?1. TMA increased from 53.9 to 619.1 mg kg^?1. Among indicators based on the products of nucleotide degradation, the H value is best correlated with the sensory assessment. It can be concluded that the storage temperature of bonito gravad must be below 7 °C to prevent the threat to safety and quality posed by biogenic amines, especially histamine.     

3种猪肉汤体系中蛋白质降解产物的比较研究

对3种不同烹制方法(水煮、炖煮和高压蒸煮)制得的猪肉和汤汁进行感官评定、总蛋白SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳以及总氮(TN)、水溶性氮(WSN)、非蛋白氮(NPN)和游离氨基酸(FAA)含量的比较研究。感官评定结果表明3种工艺分别为水煮30min,炖煮2h和高压蒸煮15min时,烹制所得肉和汤汁口感与风味最佳。总蛋白SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳图谱显示炖煮肉中大分子蛋白降解最为显著,炖煮肉汤中水溶性蛋白含量最高。水煮、炖煮和高压蒸煮使肉汤体系水溶性氮总量分别比鲜肉增加12%、24%和5%,非蛋白氮总量分别增加42%、59%和33%,游离氨基酸总量分别增加61%、78%和51%。炖煮猪肉的蛋白质降解程度比水煮和高压蒸煮高,且大部分蛋白质降解产物转移到汤汁中,赋予肉汤最优的营养和风味。