高尾矿坝的有效应力地震反应分析

基于目前尾矿坝分析方法存在的不足,为研究高尾矿坝的动力稳定性和抗液化能力,系统地提出了高尾矿坝的有效应力地震反应分析方法.在工程地质勘察、静动力试验和静力有限元分析的基础上,采用不排水有效应力和排水有效应力法两种地震反应有限元分析方法,探讨高尾矿坝在地震过程中和地震后的孔隙水压力的产生、扩散和消散规律及其加速度、动应力和孔隙水压力的响应值.分析结果表明:坝体内应力均为压应力,其应力水平均小于1.0,安全系数均大于1.0,坝体内每个单元的抗液化安全系数大于1.5 .同时,坝体的抗震性能和抗液化能力明显增强,坝顶部液化区的范围和深度大大地减小.     

水下爆炸下高拱坝坝面冲击荷载特性研究

确定爆炸荷载是高拱坝抗爆性能评估和抗爆设计的前提。为此,开展了高拱坝水下爆炸模型试验,并结合数值模拟方法,研究了高拱坝水下爆炸冲击荷载特性。以原型拱坝按1∶200缩比设计和制作了拱坝模型,测量了水下爆炸作用下库中以及拱坝表面的冲击荷载;采用Abaqus软件进行了拱坝水下爆炸数值模拟,结合试验数据验证了数值模拟的可靠性。研究结果表明,高拱坝水下爆炸冲击荷载可分为三个部分：首波爆炸冲击荷载、岸坡反射爆炸冲击荷载以及基底反射爆炸冲击荷载;对于库中起爆工况,高拱坝中心区域受到首波冲击的影响较大,而底部和靠近岸坡的区域则受到反射波的冲击较大,反射波在这些区域引起了较大的速度响应,在高拱坝的抗爆设计以及性能评估中,应考虑反射爆炸荷载的影响。研究成果可为高拱坝抗爆设计以及抗爆性能评估提供参考。     

Technologies for the study of hydropeaking impacts on fish populations: Applications,advantages, outcomes,and future developments

Dam construction and streamflow regulation are increasing throughout the world, with impacts in impounded aquatic ecosystems. Hydropower dams, some of them causing a phenomenon called “hydropeaking” during their operation, are known for having a variety of impacts on downstream aquatic biota, particularly fish, and respective habitat. This can result in significant changes, from the community (e.g., fish assemblage structure) to the individual level (e.g., physiological and behavioural adjustments). Researchers and managers involved in the assessment of hydropeaking impacts must be resourceful and use methods that allow their precise evaluation, from large to fine-scale habitat and biological responses. In the last decades, technological advances allowed for the development of techniques and instrumentations that are increasingly being used in hydropeaking impact and mitigation assessments. This paper aims to provide a review, to researchers and managers interested in this field, of some of the most innovative methods and techniques, involving technology, that are available to study hydropeaking effects on downstream ecosystem, particularly from a fish perspective. We discuss the fundamentals behind such techniques, their advantages, and disadvantages, while also providing practical examples of their application and of the type of results that can be obtained. We finish by discussing some of the shortcomings of these methods and how related technology can evolve to solve current limitations.     

Cumulative effects of dams on migratory fishes across the conterminous United States: Regional patterns in fish responses to river network fragmentation

Globally, dams fragment river networks, threatening migratory fishes which require access to distinct habitats to complete their life cycles. Efforts to understand how cumulative effects of multiple dams affect migratory fishes across large regions, such as a country or continent, could help to identify locations for connectivity-enhancing actions to conserve migratory fishes. To address this, we evaluated cumulative effects of dams on migratory fishes in rivers across nine ecoregions of the conterminous USA. First, using fish data from thousands of sites (N = 45,989), we summarized ecoregional patterns in assemblages, quantifying the number of migratory species comprising assemblages, showing the prominence of potamodromous species across the large region as well as differences in migratory life history traits among ecoregions. Next, we compared the importance of a set of river network fragmentation metrics that captured influences of multiple dams in networks versus other anthropogenic landscape stressors and natural landscape factors that impact migratory fishes by ecoregion. We found that migratory fishes were more sensitive to cumulative dam effects than other stressors including urbanization and agriculture in the eastern USA. To further identify specific effects of environmental variables on potamodromous fishes, we conducted Boosted Regression Trees analysis in the eastern ecoregions. Our results suggested that the key natural influences on river fishes included catchment area as well as river baseflow and air temperature, suggesting that migratory fishes may be affected by changing climate. Additionally, we found that downstream dams were more influential than other human stressors to potamodromous fishes, underscoring the importance of enhancing connectivity within river networks to conserve migratory fishes. Collectively, our results provide new insights in identifying threats to migratory fish species across the USA, providing information that can aid in conserving this vulnerable but ecologically and socioeconomically important group of fishes.     

Gastrulation and hatch as critical thermal windows for salmonid embryo development

Climate change and impoundment increase river temperatures, shifting the bioclimatic envelope in which freshwater biota have evolved and increasing salmonid egg mortality. To mitigate this, conservation flows from reservoirs are often implemented to maintain favourable water temperatures downstream from impoundments throughout salmonid embryo development. However, as water to maintain conservation flows becomes scarcer, there is a need to understand the requirements of salmonid embryos and balance these with anthropogenic demands. This study combines a laboratory-based and a modelling approach to test the effect of different temperatures on the survival from fertilisation to hatch of a model salmonid species. Further, the effect of dropping temperatures from high to optimal conditions at hatch—a perceived period of greater sensitivity to high temperatures—is tested. The study shows embryo mortality increases with temperature and is greatest during gastrulation and hatch. Also, embryos that experienced high temperatures during gastrulation had high mortality rates at hatch, even when hatch conditions were optimal. This indicates sublethal developmental abnormalities caused by high temperatures during gastrulation increase mortality at hatch. Therefore, to maintain high rates of salmonid embryo survival, cold water resources from reservoirs ideally will target both gastrulation and hatch developmental stages.     

特高土心墙堆石坝坝基防渗体渗流-溶蚀特征研究

针对渗透溶蚀效应下特高土心墙堆石坝的渗流与溶蚀问题，构建了以孔隙水压力、固相钙浓度与钙离子浓度为自由度的水泥基材料渗流-溶蚀耦合模型。以长河坝工程为背景，研究了特高土心墙堆石坝的渗流溶蚀特征，探讨了渗透溶蚀效应下特高土心墙堆石坝的失效标准，预测了坝体的服役年限。渗透溶蚀效应降低了坝体的防渗能力，服役100 a后坝体浸润线逸出点将较初始时刻抬升1.95 m;随着服役年限的增加，覆盖层、副防渗墙的渗透坡降增加，心墙、主防渗墙和防渗帷幕的渗透坡降降低;水泥基材料固相钙溶蚀相对严重的区域集中在两道防渗墙中下部、固结灌浆靠下游侧及防渗帷幕，靠近复合土工膜和高塑性黏土的坝基防渗体溶蚀程度较低。从固相钙的分解率、渗透系数、渗流量、渗透坡降和边坡稳定等角度分析，认为考虑渗透溶蚀效应时长河坝的服役年限约为68.3 a，降低主防渗帷幕的初始渗透性可较为有效地延长坝体服役年限。特高土心墙堆石坝坝基水泥基结构渗透溶蚀效应不可忽视，其设计、运行及维护应充分考虑水泥基材料的渗透溶蚀效应。     

Does swimming activity influence gas bubble trauma in fish?

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation from sources such as hydroelectric dams can cause harmful bubble growth in the tissues of aquatic animals, known as gas bubble trauma (GBT). Locomotion is known to exacerbate bubble growth in tissues during decompression under certain conditions (such as in diving animals), possibly because of increased bubble nucleation. As with decompression sickness, GBT is caused by the supersaturation of tissues with gas, and thus we hypothesize that locomotion promotes bubble nucleation in the tissues of fish exposed to TDG supersaturation. Many previous laboratory studies have tested the effects of TDG on fish exposed to low-velocity, non-directional flow, whereas fish in field conditions are exposed to higher-velocity flows and are likely more active. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of locomotion on GBT to apply laboratory results to active fish in field conditions. We exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to either control (100% TDG) or TDG supersaturation (123% TDG) in either static or flowing water conditions (1.8 Bl/s) and recorded time to 50% loss of equilibrium (LOE). We observed no statistically significant difference in time to 50% LOE between flow conditions. Given the lack of statistically significant difference between static and flowing water, our findings indicate that results from GBT experiments on rainbow trout in non-directional flow are applicable to more active individuals.     

应力指数法在拱坝主应力满应力设计中的应用

阐述用应力指数法实现拱坝主应力满应力设计的思路和方法要点 ,介绍等截面圆弧拱坝及变截面抛物线拱坝两种算例成果 .算例表明 ,应力指数 βi 相对固定的应力指数法是适应拱坝主应力满应力优化的有效、可行的方法 ,只需在原有的拱坝应力分析程序的基础上稍加扩充即可实现 .对于初始方案基本合理的拱坝 ,一般迭代 5～8次 ,优化后坝体方量可节省 1 2 %～ 2 0 % .