Effect of electric charge accumulation on low energy ion implantation in insulators

Charge accumulation at the surface of insulators during low energy ion implantation is related to two processes: ion impinging on the sample and secondary electron emission. Samples composed of a piece of Si (having the size of the ion beam) fixed on the centre of polyethylene (PE) coupons have been implanted with 2.2 keV H₂ ions to a fluence of 2 × 10¹⁶ H/cm². ERD (Elastic Recoil Detection) depth profiles of the implanted ions are shallower with an increase of the PE coupon size. The relative critical Si/PE size to repel all the incident ions is around 1.1 × 1.1 cm²/2.5 × 2.5 cm². The potential of the secondary electron suppressor has been varied from −500 V to +500 V. It changes the secondary electron distribution around the implanted area and, consequently, affects the accumulation of charges at the sample surface. When the potential is 0 V, a uniform ion implantation with little effect of charge accumulation for all sizes of PE coupons is obtained. A two-dimension model has been performed and gives a good explanation for the mechanism of the electric charge neutralisation.     

Analysis of nuclear proliferation resistance

All the civil nuclear energy systems could contribute to the proliferation risk that weapons-usable material might be diverted or misused for the weapons purpose by terrorists or states. Proliferation-resistant nuclear energy systems are of great importance for the peaceful use of nuclear energy by impeding the diversion or undeclared production of weapons-usable material by states. Since the National Alternative Systems Assessment Program (NASAP) carried out the assessment of proliferation resistance of the civil nuclear energy systems in late 1970s, several comprehensive studies have been performed, including the International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation (INFCE) by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Spent Fuel Standard by the United States National Academy of Science, the Technical Opportunities for Increasing the Proliferation Resistance of Global Civilian Nuclear Power Systems (TOPS) by the United States Department of Energy, the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) Methodology by the IAEA, and the Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems (Gen IV) by the Gen IV International Forum. However, all these studies appear lack in the interpretation of country-specific proliferation risk that is arbitrary imposed to the specific countries by major nuclear weapons states, even though the countries are members of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). This paper outlines the assessments of proliferation resistance of the above studies, points out the country-specific proliferation risk, and suggests further studies to increase the proliferation resistance of the civil nuclear energy systems in the specific NPT member countries such as South Korea.     

夏热冬暖地区办公类建筑中BIN法应用的计算与分析

结合我国实际情况,依据BIN能耗分析负荷计算方法,以夏热冬暖地区某办公楼为例,建立了建筑物全年空调负荷特性模型;通过计算在不同负荷率N下对应的运行时间百分数K,绘制了负荷分布特性曲线图,并在全年负荷计算的基础上绘制出了空调系统负荷小时数图,从而为此类建筑进行能耗分析与评价、合理选择冷源提供参考依据.     

热泵干燥系统在纺织行业的应用

在分析对比热泵干燥系统的几种空气循环方式后,结合纺织干燥工艺的特点,提出一种新的干燥循环方式-物料流动准封闭式循环干燥系统,通过对这种循环方式的运行过程分析,说明该系统具有较好的节能效果.     

分布式能源定义及其与冷热电联产关系的探讨

分布式能源和冷热电联产是一系列能源技术的集合.在美国和欧洲,这些技术方兴未艾;在国内,不少示范工程已经建成或在建.这些技术已经渐渐成为世界能源领域的一个发展趋势.然而,在不同的机构或组织中,采用不完全相同的标准和名称来定义这些技术.术语使用的混乱对分布式能源和冷热电联产的研究、统计、立法等各方面造成不良影响,最终将阻碍这些有前途的新型能源系统的推广和应用.因此,本文通过对各种权威定义及影响定义因素的分析,得出一个基本一致的分布式能源定义,并阐明了其与冷热电联产的关系.     

太阳能喷射式制冷置换通风系统探讨

介绍置换通风的原理和特性。在满足热舒适性的条件下，探讨置换通风在工程应用时送风参数的选择范围。针对目前能源危机和生态环境恶化的状况，提出太阳能喷射式制冷置换通风系统，并对该系统中各主要装置的特性及系统的经济性作简要分析。     

土壤源热泵在中央空调系统中的应用

简要介绍了土壤源热泵的工作原理及特点，并以实际工程为例，探讨了土壤源热泵应用于中央空调系统的设计方法及运行情况，指出了土壤源热泵技术对节能和环保具有重要意义。     

生物质制取液体燃料技术发展趋势与分析

叙述了利用生物质制备液体燃料的4种技术及其原理、工艺过程；着重介绍了近年来各种技术发展中出现的新趋势，如选择性快速热解、直接液化藻类植物、选择性超临界萃取、模拟生物功能处理木质纤维素；列举了包含新趋势的实验例子；最后对各种技术做了分析。     

系统的稳定性与不稳定性--搅动能守恒律意义和作用的引伸性讨论

讨论了欧阳首承提出的搅动能守恒律意义和作用，并结合曲率空间做了引伸性的讨论，认为搅动能守恒定律是系统稳定性和演化分析的重要原理和方法，它既是解释系统稳定性的原因，也可以作为系统演化分析的方法，并指出了牛顿体系的某些本质性问题。     

带误差补偿的GPC对网络控制系统时延的解决

针对网络控制系统(NCS)具有不确定时延的特性，提出了将广义预测控制(GPC)应用于网络控制系统的思想。为了克服模型失配和系统不确定性的影响，基于BP神经网络建立一个误差的预测模型，用误差预测值对输出预测值进行补偿，构成新型的广义预测控制算法，并采用了平滑滤波的加权输入控制律。在网络控制系统中，测试了网络数据传输的随机延迟时间特性，比较了GPC和具有BP网络预测误差补偿的GPC两种控制方法，验证了具有BP网络预测误差补偿的GPC在模型失配时的更好的控制性能。