铀表面初始氧化行为的电子能量损失谱研究

利用俄歇电子能谱仪获取了表面清洁的铀及其在氧化过程中的电子能量损失谱(EELS)，研究这些电子能量损失谱线显示：清洁表面铀的等离子损失的实验值与理论值较为符合；随着氧化程度的加剧，体等离子体(BP)、表面等离子体(SP)以及价带间跃迁所造成的电子能量损失峰发生了明显的连续偏移和强度的变化，表明室温下清洁表面铀暴露微量纯氧后，在铀表面上发生了U→UO→UO2初始氧化过程。同时，又采用了俄歇电子能谱(AES)和X射线光电子谱(XPS)对照分析了铀的初始氧化过程。     

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以天然气为能源，用燃气机代替电动机驱动压缩机并充分利用发动机废热、工业余热以及低品位环境热量的采暖、空调装置——燃气压缩式热泵近年来发展迅速。美国燃气设备的总装机容量已达到1．2GW，日本燃气机热泵占全部燃气制冷设备的29％，总装机容量大约1GW，燃气机热泵在英国、法国、德国、瑞士等都得到了较快的发展与应用。中研究了以天然气为驱动能源的压缩式热泵的特点及能量利用率，分析并测试了该系统的运行特性及交工况特性，进行了各种工况及转速下的实验研究。结果表明，该系统具有较好的部分负荷特性、一次能源利用率及交工况特性，为一种绿色高效的供热空调系统。     

常减压蒸馏装置换热网络的节能优化

利用夹点技术理论对耗能严重的某炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置进行用能诊断分析;并结合热力学原理得到两种优化换热网络,节能效果显著。     

实炉底节能连续式加热炉

轧钢生产使用实炉底连续式加热炉加热钢坯，炉内双纵滑管用耐热耐高温材料，无水冷，起到节约水、电的作用，达到节能增效的目的。     

Measurement of specimen charging in scanning electron microscopy with a kelvin probe

A vibrating Kelvin probe in form of a platinum wire loop is used to measure the surface potential U_s on electron-irradiated free-floating metal and insulator specimens as a function of electron energy E. This allows an accurate measurement of the critical electron energy E₂ for no charging. At energies below E₂, the positive charging increases with decreasing energy to U_s=2–5 eV at E=0.5 keV and switching off the collector bias of the Everhart-Thornley detector. A two-to threefold increase of U_s is observed when the bias is switched on. For E > E₂, the strong increase of a negative surface potential can be measured. Insulating films free-supported on a conductive substrate show a steep decrease to small positive and negative U_s when the film thickness becomes lower than the electron range at a critical energy E₃ > E₂. At insulating specimen the temporal decrease of charging can be measured when the electron beam is switched off.     

A preliminary analysis of the biomass energy production potential in Africa in 2025 considering projected land needs for food production

This paper provides a preliminary examination of present and projected land use in Africa to estimate the potential availability of land in 2025 for use in producing biomass energy. Fifty countries are included in the analysis. Future cropland requirements are projected on the basis of average African cereal crop yield improvements since 1972, and minimum nutritional requirements are assumed to be met in 2025 without increasing imports above present absolute levels. Cropland, natural forests and other wilderness areas are excluded from consideration for biomass energy use. Woody biomass energy yields are estimated on the basis of nationally averaged precipitation, using a yield-precipitation correlation for commercial eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. The total African bioenergy production potential in 2025 is estimated to be about 18 EJ per year for a set of baseline assumptions that includes planting only 10% of the available non-crop, non-forest, non-wilderness area with biomass energy crops. A preliminary cost assessment suggests that much of this biomass could be produced for $1–2 GJ⁻¹. A number of uncertainties in the modelling assumptions are examined through a sensitivity analysis. Despite limitations in the model used here, one robust conclusion is that Africa as a whole has a significant biophysical potential for producing biomass energy. This result suggests that more detailed country and sub-country level assessments would be worthwhile to understand better the practical prospects for future biomass energy production in Africa.     

Operating experience from the ehecatl wind turbines

This paper presents a summary of the mechanical features and the medium term operating experience from three small horizontal axis wind energy conversion systems covering a range of 500 to 5000 Watt, intented for rural and isolated communities. These turbines have a new regulator which reduces gyroscopic loads, is easy to adjust and could be manufactured stronger and in smaller sizes than the conventional tail vanes. It is concluded that is feasible to build cheaps and reliable wind turbine generators with an acceptable efficiency employing common-use elements, but is needed a careful and optimized design.     

论冶金企业节能管理员的技术要求

本文围绕冶金企业节能管理的工作内容和要求，论述了企业节能员应掌握的技术和提高技术途径。     

在酸性介质中N-H伪酸Mannich反应机理的量子化学研究

用量子化学中的ＳＣＦ－ＭＯＡＭ１方法，全优化计算了以苯并唑酮为伪酸组分的（Ｎ－Ｈ酸）Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ反应的反应物、过渡态和产物络合物的分子几何构型、电子结构和生成热。根据计算所得各反应的活化能，提出了该反应在酸性介质中的机理，即甲醛首先与苯并唑酮作用，其产物再与二甲胺作用生成Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ碱，并就其缘由进行了讨论。     

制冷系统的节能优化运行

本文通过对制冷系统耗电诸多因素的初步分析 ,采用正交试验、回归计算等手段 ,得出系统耗电与主要因素的函数关系 ,以便通过优化计算迅速找出最佳运行参数 ,指导操作 ,从而达到节能是目的。