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81.
82.
Meso-porous Al2O3-supported Ni catalysts exhibited the highest activity, stability and excellent coke-resistance ability for CH4 reforming with CO2 among several oxide-supported Ni catalysts (meso-porous Al2O3 (Yas1-2, Yas3-8), -Al2O3, -Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, La2O3, CeO2 and ZrO2). The properties of deposited carbons depended on the properties of the supports, and on the meso-porous Al2O3-supported Ni catalyst, only the intermediate carbon of the reforming reaction formed. XRD and H2-TPR analysis found that mainly spinel NiAl2O4 formed in meso-porous Al2O3 and -Al2O3-supported catalysts, while only NiO was detected in -Al2O3, SiO2, CeO2, La2O3 and ZrO2 supports. The strong interaction between Ni and meso-porous Al2O3 improved the dispersion of Ni, retarded its sintering and improved the activated adsorption of CO2. The coking reaction via CH4 temperature-programed decomposition indicated that meso-porous Al2O3-supported Ni catalysts were less active for carbon formation by CH4 decomposition than Ni/-Al2O3 and Ni/-Al2O3. 相似文献
83.
介绍了B113-2型低汽气比CO高温变换催化剂的研制方法及其特点。实验室测试表明,B113-2型催化剂具有堆密度低、运行强度高、选择性好、抗沸水性能优、本体含硫低及低温活性好等优点。 相似文献
84.
This paper compares two dynamic, one-dimensional models of a planar anode-supported intermediate temperature (IT) direct internal reforming (DIR) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC): one where the flow properties (pressure, gas stream densities, heat capacities, thermal conductivities, and viscosity) and gas velocities are taken as constant throughout the system, based on inlet conditions, and one where this assumption is removed to focus on the effect of considering the variation of local flow properties on the prediction of the fuel cell performance. The refined model consists of mass, energy, and momentum balances, and of an electrochemical model that relates the fuel and air gas compositions and temperatures to voltage, current density, and other relevant fuel cell variables. Simulations for steady-state and dynamic conditions have been carried out and the results obtained from the two models compared. For a co-flow SOFC operating on a 10% pre-reformed methane fuel mixture, with 75% fuel utilisation, inlet fuel and air temperatures of 1023 K, average current density of , and an air ratio of 8.5, the results show that, although the error incurred in the prediction of the flow properties in the first model is significant, there is good agreement between both models in terms of the overall cell performance: the maximum difference in the local temperature values is about 7 K and the cell efficiency differs by less than 1%. However, the discrepancies between the two models increase, especially in the fuel channel, when higher current density values are assigned to the cell. 相似文献
85.
Shampa Kandoi Jeff Greeley Marco A. Sanchez-Castillo Steven T. Evans Amit A. Gokhale James A. Dumesic Manos Mavrikakis 《Topics in Catalysis》2006,37(1):17-28
A microkinetic model for methanol decomposition on platinum is presented. The model incorporates competitive decomposition
pathways, beginning with both O–H and C–H bond scission in methanol, and uses results from density functional theory (DFT)
calculations [Greeley and Mavrikakis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 7193, Greeley and Mavrikakis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004)
3910]. Results from reaction kinetics experiments show that the rate of H2 production increases with increasing temperature and methanol concentration in the feed and is only nominally affected by
the presence of CO or H2 with methanol. The model, based on the values of binding energies, pre-exponential factors and activation energy barriers
derived from first principles calculations, accurately predicts experimental reaction rates and orders. The model also gives
insight into the most favorable reaction pathway, the rate-limiting step, the apparent activation energy, coverages, and the
effects of pressure. It is found that the pathway beginning with the C–H bond scission (CH3OH→H2COH→HCOH→CO) is dominant compared with the path beginning with O–H bond scission. The cleavage of the first C–H bond in methanol
is the rate-controlling step. The surface is highly poisoned by CO, whereas COH appears to be a spectator species. 相似文献
86.
Nanocomposite Ni/ZrO2-AN catalyst consisting of comparably sized Ni metal and ZrO2 nanoparticles is studied in comparison with zirconia- and alumina-supported Ni catalysts (Ni/ZrO2-CP and commercial Ni/Al2O3-C) for steam reforming of methane (SRM) and for combined steam and CO2 reforming of methane (CSCRM). The reactions are performed under atmospheric pressure with stoichiometric amounts of H2O and CH4 or (H2O + CO2) and CH4 at 1073 K. Under a wide range of methane space velocity (gas hourly space velocity of methane GHSVCH4 = 12,000–96,000 ml/(h gcat.), the nanocomposite Ni/ZrO2-AN catalyst always shows higher activity and stability for both SRM and CSCRM reactions. The two supported Ni catalysts (Ni/ZrO2-CP and Ni/Al2O3-C) exhibit fairly stable catalysis under low GHSVCH4 but they are easily deactivated under high GHSVCH4 and become completely inactive when they are reacted for ca.100 h at GHSVCH4 = 48,000 ml/(h gcat.). The CSCRM reaction is carried out with different H2O/CO2 ratios in the reaction feed while keeping the molar ratio (H2O + CO2)/CH4 = 1.0, the results prove that the nanocomposite Ni/ZrO2-AN catalyst can be highly promising in enabling a catalytic technology for the production of syngas with flexible H2/CO ratios (ca. H2/CO = 1.0–3.0) to meet the requirements of various downstream chemical syntheses. 相似文献
87.
88.
Steam reforming of isobutane on a 0.5% Pt–Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 catalyst was carried out from 300 to 700 °C under integral conditions with a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 12,000 h−1. The major products were H2, CO2, CO and CH4. The other products produced were ethane, ethylene, propane and propylene with a total molar composition of less than 1.5%.
A complete conversion of isobutane was achieved at 700 °C, Kinetic data was obtained by changing the partial pressure of the
reactants and the temperature under differential conditions with a GHSV of 55,400 h−1. This was done after observing stable isobutane steam reforming for 160 h and under conditions where the mass transfer limitations
were insignificant. An empirical Langmuir–Hinshelwood type model that best fit the kinetic data available was developed. 相似文献
89.
The catalytic reforming of methane by steam is an important industrial process that produces H2, CO and CO2, thus chemically transforming natural gas, coal gas and light hydrocarbon feedstocks to synthesis gas or hydrogen fuel. Methane-steam reforming may consist of a number of reactions depending on the reforming catalyst, operating conditions and feedstock composition, The typical industrially desirable reactions are the reverse of methanation (CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2) and the water-gas shift (CO + H2O = CO2 + H2). Both reactions are equilibrium limited and the composition of the mixture that exits the reformer is in accordance with the one calculated thermodynarmically. Removal of reaction products at the reactor exit by means of selective membrane permeation can offer improved CH4 conversions and CO2 and H2 yields, assuming the subsequent utilization of the reject streams by a second methane-steam reformer. We numerically investigated the feasibility of a system of two tubular methane-steam reformers, in series with an intermediate permselective polyimide membrane permeator, as means of improving the overall CH4 conversion and the H2, CO2 yields over conventional methane-steam reforming equilibrium reaction-separation schemes that are currently in industrial practice. The unique feature of the permselective polyimide separator is the simultaneous removal of H2 and CO2 versus CH4 and CO from the reformed streams. The utilized 6FDA-3,3', 5,5'-TMB aromatic polyimide was reportedly characterized [10] and found to exhibit superior permselective properties compared with other polyimides of the same or different dianhydride sequence. Conversion and yield of the designed reactor-membrane permeator reforming system can be maximized by optimizing the permselective properties of the membrane material and the design variables of the reactors and the permeator. Product recovery and purity in the permeate stream need to be compromised to overall enhance methane conversion and product yield. The operating variables that were varied to investigate their effect on the magnitude of conversion and yield included the inlet pressure of the first reformer, the temperature of both reformers, and the permeator dimensionless Pe' number (variation of the first two variables results to a drastic change in the composition of the reformed stream that enters into the permeator). The numerical results show that the new reformer-membrane permeator cascade process can be more effective (it can offer increased CH4 conversions and H2, CO2 yields) than conventional equilibrium methane-steam reforming reaction-separation processes currently in practice. 相似文献
90.