The role of authority power in explaining procedural fairness effects.

Building on fairness heuristic theory, fairness theory, and trust development models, we argue that unfairly enacted procedures decrease followers' trust in the authority particularly when authorities have high power over their followers. Moreover, we expected trust to mediate procedural fairness effects on followers' attitudes (authorities' legitimacy and charisma attributed to authorities) and organizational citizenship behavior. Procedural fairness effects on these variables, as mediated by trust, should therefore also be stronger when authority power is high. The results of a single- and multisource field study and a laboratory experiment supported these predictions. These studies support the role of authority power as a theoretically and practically relevant moderator of procedural fairness effects and show that its effectiveness is explained through trust in authorities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Disgust selectively modulates reciprocal fairness in economic interactions.

We report two studies aimed at investigating the effects of distinct negative emotions on pairwise economic interactions. In the ultimatum game, a proposer offers a division of a sum of money to a responder who decides whether to accept the split, or reject and leave both players with nothing. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether induced disgust, as compared to sadness and neutral emotion, specifically influences responders' decisions to reject unfair proposals. In Experiment 2, we assessed whether the effects of disgust were selectively related to social contexts by contrasting interactions with a human partner with those involving a computer. Results showed that relative to being in a sad or neutral mood, induced feelings of disgust significantly increased rejection rates of unfair offers. Moreover, we found that when the partner was not responsible for the fairness violation, such as in the computer-offer condition, the disgust induction failed to affect participants' choices. We conclude by focusing on the hypothesis that disgust and social norm violations may share common computational components, both at a psychological and a neural level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Trading goods versus sharing money: An experiment testing whether fairness and efficiency are frame dependent.

Systematic experiments with distribution games have shown that participants are strongly motivated by considerations of fairness and efficiency. This evidence, however, results mainly from experimental designs in which money is shared directly. Furthermore, fairness does not necessarily require equal payoffs, but may instead require equal allocations. We investigate experimentally the frame dependency of reaching equal (commodity or payoff) splits by systematically comparing net-trade proposals and payoff proposals for the same exchange economy with two traders, two commodities and multi-period negotiations. We can confirm the hypothesis that asking participants to allocate money directly, rather than more naturally via the allocation of commodities, is far from being harmless and likely overstates fairness and efficiency concerns. What is more, we try to apply the insights gained from our experiment to management problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature.

The authors reviewed more than 70 studies concerning employees' general belief that their work organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being (perceived organizational support; POS). A meta-analysis indicated that 3 major categories of beneficial treatment received by employees (i.e., fairness, supervisor support, and organizational rewards and favorable job conditions) were associated with POS. POS, in turn, was related to outcomes favorable to employees (e.g., job satisfaction, positive mood) and the organization (e.g., affective commitment, performance, and lessened withdrawal behavior). These relationships depended on processes assumed by organizational support theory: employees' belief that the organization's actions were discretionary, feeling of obligation to aid the organization, fulfillment of socioemotional needs, and performance-reward expectancies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Uncertainty management: The influence of uncertainty salience on reactions to perceived procedural fairness.

On the basis of fairness heuristic theory, it is argued in this article that people especially need fairness when they are reminded about aspects of their lives that make them uncertain. It is therefore proposed that thinking about uncertainty should make fairness a more important issue to people. The findings of 3 experiments support this line of reasoning: Asking (vs. not asking) participants 2 questions that solicited their thoughts and feelings of being uncertain led to stronger effects of perceived procedural fairness on participants' affective reactions toward the way they were treated. It is argued that these findings suggest that fairness matters to people especially when they are trying to deal with things that make them uncertain. An implication of the current findings therefore may be that fairness is important to people because it gives them an opportunity to manage uncertain aspects of their lives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Progress under bounded fairness

Summary. Progress is investigated for a shared-memory distributed system with a weak form of fault tolerance that allows processes to stop and restart functioning without notification. The concept of bounded fairness is introduced to formalize bounded delay under the assumption that each family of related processes continuously contains at least one active member. This is a generalization of wait-freedom, and also of a finitary form of weak fairness. Several useful proof rules are stated and proved. In a system with bounded fairness, a wait-free process can be constructed by forming a new process in which processes from the various families are scheduled in a round robin way. The theory is applied to prove progress within bounded delay for a linearizing concurrent data-object in shared memory. The safety properties of this algorithm have been treated elsewhere. Received: April 1998 / Accepted: March 1999     

统一办学条件标准 保障义务教育底线公平

主要从城市、县镇、农村3个角度，对我国义务教育办学条件的现状进行描述和分析，并提出政策建议，即用统一办学标准取代过去的分级分类标准，保障义务教育的底线公平，促进义务教育的均衡发展。     

面向云计算环境的动态公平性度量方法

针对云计算环境资源动态性特点,给出了一种资源分配算法公平性动态度量模型——DFE (dynamic fairness evaluation)。模型引入了公平、效率和时间参数,通过将资源分配结果进行量化处理,定量地描述不同分配算法的公平性。首先考虑了云环境下的2种典型动态因素：1）节点资源需求动态变化;2）虚拟节点动态变化,并分别对这2种场景建立子模型,通过这2种模型导出了公平性动态度量模型DFE。分析了2种子模型以及DFE,通过DFE对几种典型资源分配算法进行度量,验证了在资源需求以及虚拟节点动态变化的情况下,DFE能够有效度量分配算法公平性,为云计算平台资源分配算法的选择提供了重要的参考。     

CRN中基于公平性的数据采集算法研究

研究了认知无线电网络的分布式数据采集问题.首先讨论了SU的合适载波侦听范围(PCR).以此PCR为基础,一个SU可以成功地发送数据且不对PU和其他SU造成干扰.然后,提出了一种兼顾公平性的异步分布式数据采集(ADDC)算法.ADDC算法以分布式策略把快照数据收集到基站,且没有任何时间同步要求.与集中式和同步式算法相比,ADDC算法的可拓展性和实用性更强.全面的仿真实验结果表明,ADDC算法的数据采集效率更高,数据采集时延更低.     

公平的多方并发签名方案

Tonien等在ISC2006上首次提出了多方并发签名体制,但Xie和谭指出Tonien等的方案并不满足公平性,进而分别重新构造了多方并发签名方案。分别对Xie和谭的多方并发签名方案进行了分析,指出他们的方案也不满足公平性,进而正式定义了公平多方并发签名的安全模型,并基于双线性对及多方密钥协商技术重新构造了一个多方并发签名方案。分析表明,在随机预言模型下,假设CDH问题是难解的,新方案同时满足正确性、不可伪造性、模糊性、并发性和公平性,并且与同类方案相比,新方案在签名长度、计算量、通信代价方面效率较高。