Effective Thermal Conductivity of Moist Porous Sintered Nickel Material

The effective thermal conductivity of capillary structures is an important parameter in the thermal performance analysis of loop heat pipes (LHP). In this paper, the effective thermal conductivity of porous sintered nickel material filled with water, ethanediol, and glycerin were measured by means of the hot disk thermal constant analyzer. The measured data were compared with similar measured data and calculated values from models in the literature. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the porous material depends on the thermal conductivity of the fluid, the filled ratio, and the porosity of the material.Paper presented at the Seventh Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference, August 23–28, 2004, Hefei and Huangshan, Anhui, P. R. China     

Constructal Enhancement of Heat Conduction with Phase Change

For enhancing the heat energy release from a phase change material (PCM) the conductive fin is designed according to a proposed constructal rule, in which the high conductivity material (HCM) should be located at the place where the heat flux density is the largest. The local temperature gradient integration over time is taken as a criterion to determine where to distribute the limited HCM during a given time period. This rule is applicable to heat conduction of steady and unsteady conditions, as well as to the problems with and without phase change. Numerical simulations show that the constructal design of a conductive fin has much better performance than arbitrary ones. The constructal rule is an effective technique that designs the fin with high performance for enhancing heat conduction.Paper presented at the 7th Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference, August 23–28, 2004, Hefei and Huangshan, Anhui, P. R. China.     

Importance of Third Virial Coefficients for Representing the Gaseous Phase Based on Measuring PVT-Properties of 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R143a)

For a reliable derivation of the thermodynamic properties in the gaseous phase from thermodynamic equations of state, it has been pointed out that third virial coefficients significantly affect calculations of heat capacities. Among existing equations of state including internationally accepted equations, there is a large discrepancy, sometimes more than 5%, in calculated heat-capacity values near saturation. Two different approaches have been conducted in addressing this problem. One is for providing the third virial coefficient from intermolecular-potential models based on speed-of-sound measurements with a spherical resonator, and another is for confirming the effect of the third virial coefficient on density values near saturation by measuring the density precisely with a magnetic suspension densimeter. This report is focused on the latter case, i.e., precise measurements of density for 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, R143a, near saturation and some important evidence for the necessity of considering third virial coefficients for calculating reliable thermodynamic properties in the gaseous phase.Paper presented at the Seventh Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference, August 23–28, 2004, Hefei and Huangshan, Anhui, P. R. China.     

Vacuum Insulation Panels – Exciting Thermal Properties and Most Challenging Applications

Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) have a thermal resistance that is about a factor of 10 higher than that of equally thick conventional polystyrene boards. VIPs nowadays mostly consist of a load-bearing kernel of fumed silica. The kernel is evacuated to below 1 mbar and sealed in a high- barrier laminate, which consists of several layers of Al-coated polyethylene (PE) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The laminate is optimized for extremely low leakage rates for air and moisture and thus for a long service life, which is required especially for building applications. The evacuated kernel has a thermal conductivity of about 4 × 10⁻³ W · m⁻¹ · K⁻¹ at room temperature, which results mainly from solid thermal conduction along the tenuous silica backbone. A U-value of 0.2 W · m⁻² · K⁻¹ results from a thickness of 2 cm. Thus slim, yet highly insulating fa?ade constructions can be realized. As the kernel has nano-size pores, the gaseous thermal conductivity becomes noticeable only for pressures above 10 mbar. Only above 100 mbar the thermal conductivity doubles to about 8 × 10⁻³ W · m⁻¹ · K⁻¹, such a pressure could occur after several decades of usage in a middle European climate. These investigations revealed that the pressure increase is due to water vapor permeating the laminate itself, and to N₂ and O₂, which tend to penetrate the VIP via the sealed edges. An extremely important innovation is the integration of a thermo-sensor into the VIP to nondestructively measure the thermal performance in situ. A successful “self-trial” was the integration of about 100 hand-made VIPs into the new ZAE-building in Würzburg. Afterwards, several other buildings were super-insulated using VIPs within a large joint R&D project initiated and coordinated by ZAE Bayern and funded by the Bavarian Ministry of Economics in Munich. These VIPs were manufactured commercially and integrated into floorings, the gable fa?ade of an old building under protection, the roof and the facades of a terraced house as well as into an ultra-low-energy “passive house” and the slim balustrade of a hospital. The thermal reliability of these constructions was monitored using an infrared camera.Invited paper presented at the Seventh European Conference on Thermophysical Properties, September 5-8, 2005, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.     

铝及热处理对Mg-Al-Mn合金组织及力学性能的影响

在挤压铸造条件下，研究了铝含量及固溶时效处理对AM60B合金的组织及力学性能的影响。实验结果表明，摘要材料的抗拉强度随铝含量的增加而提高，屈服强度变化不大，但延伸率急剧下降；固溶时效使γ-Mg17Al12相呈片状存在于原晶界、或呈粒状弥散分布于晶内，抗拉强度得到提高，延伸率得到改善，但合金的屈服强度变化不大。     

UF-2700/7型预冷机技术改造

冷却水水质欠佳、进气温度偏高和换热面积偏小造成UF-2700/7型预冷机换热效率低,制约了空分设备的正常生产。采取更换冷凝器和改善冷却水质量等改造措施,提高了预冷机的工作效率。     

Helium liquefaction with a commercial 4 K Gifford-McMahon cryocooler

This paper describes helium liquefaction using a commercial cryocooler with 1.5 W cooling power at 4.2 K (Sumitomo model RDK415D with compressor CSW-71D, consuming 6.5 kW electrical power), equipped with heat exchangers for precooling the incoming gas. No additional cooling power of cryoliquids or additional Joule-Thomson stages were utilized. Measurements of the pressure dependence of the liquefaction rate were performed. A maximum value of 83.9 g/h was obtained for 2.25 bar stabilized input pressure. Including the time needed to cool the liquefied helium to 4.2 K at 1 bar after filling the bottle connected to the cold head, and correcting for heat screen influences, this results in a net liquefaction rate of 67.7 g/h. Maintaining a pressure close to 1 bar above the bath during liquefaction, a rate of 55.7 g/h was obtained. The simple design enables many applications of the apparatus.     

超音速汽液两相流升压装置在供暖系统应用

针对陕西户县热电厂福利区现有换热器电泵采暖供热系统及其存在问题,结合超音速汽液两相流升压装置的特点,进行试验并改造。试验结果表明,作为一种新型节能技术,超音速汽液两相流升压装置具有独特的优点,完全可以应用于供暖系统及其它工业生产过程中。     

冷却水流量对凝汽器性能影响的试验研究

通过试验进行了冷却水流量对凝汽器性能的影响研究,得到了凝汽器压力、传热系数和传热端差随冷却水流量的变化规律。试验结果表明,在本试验参数范围内,随着冷却水量增加,凝汽器压力成近似线性减小,传热系数成近似线性增加。冷却水流量对凝汽器端差影响存在临界值。理论分析表明,传热系数采用美国热交换学会(HEI)公式计算时,凝汽器传热单元数(NTU)大于1.59,则端差随冷却水流量增加而增加;NTU小于1.59,则端差随冷却水流量增加而减小,与试验结果完全吻合。     

循环流化床锅炉性能试验规程的编制及其特点

介绍了由西安热工研究院有限公司负责起草的电力行业标准《循环流化床锅炉性能试验规程》(DL/T 964 2005)的编制原则和技术特点,并对编制中有关问题的处理作了说明,可供本规程使用者参考。