大型风力发电叶片变形的摄像测量方法研究

将摄像测量方法应用于大型风力发电叶片力学实验的变形测量中.叶片在发生大幅度整体变形的同时发生微小的屈曲变形,这给测量带来了很多问题,为此提出并联式组网测量的方法.固定像机大视场远距离交会测量整体变形;相对固定的立体像机小视场近距离交会测量叶片上每个长约3m的局部段的屈曲变形,并且跟随叶片上待测量区域移动.所有像机并联式组网,同步触发.测量过程中的关键技术还有像机标定和畸变校正、格网点和黑白标志块的高精度半自动提取、坐标系的统一等.实验结果表明:整体变形的测量精度优于0.5mm,屈曲变形中网格点三维坐标的测量精度优于0.1mm;系统搭建相对简便、测量内容丰富、范围广、精度高、且能供事后处理和分析.     

压区粘钢加固梁受弯承载力分析

根据压区粘钢梁的受力机理,推导出压区粘钢梁在四种破坏情况下的极限受弯承载力及界限破坏时的界限受弯承载力的计算公式和加固钢板高度公式.将理论计算值与压区粘钢梁的试验数据进行了对比,分析了所推导公式出现计算误差的原因,并提出了改进的方法.     

碳纤维布与钢板复合加固钢筋混凝土梁抗弯承载力的计算分析

碳纤维布与钢板复合加固钢筋混凝土梁是一种新型的加固方法,作者通过12根试件的试验研究碳纤维布和钢板以及两者复合加固钢筋混凝土梁的破坏特征、受力性能和破坏机理。在试验的基础上,本文分析了混凝土强度、纵筋率、CFRP与钢板的加固量等因素对复合加固梁正截面极限承载力的影响,提出了与现行规范相符合的实用承载力计算公式,并与试验结果进行对比。对比结果表明,计算值与试验值吻合较好,本文建议的实用计算公式对实际工程有一定的参考价值。     

圆柱壳限制失稳的实验研究

采用高分子高弹性材料Mylar薄膜制作衬壳,其外侧的刚性限制为钢制圆柱筒壳,两端用加强环压紧以模拟边界条件。用气压加载模拟圆柱壳受周向均匀压力,观察衬壳的屈曲过程,同时测量衬壳的临界载荷。实验测量结果与有限元计算的结果符合较好。另外还通过人为制造不同初始缺陷和变换不同壳体长度,研究了限制失稳临界载荷与初始缺陷及不同长度的关系。结果表明圆柱薄衬壳受侧向外压的限制失稳临界载荷比自由失稳临界载荷有很大提高。     

Coupled mechanics and finite element for non‐linear laminated piezoelectric shallow shells undergoing large displacements and rotations

A theoretical framework is presented for analysing the coupled non‐linear response of shallow doubly curved adaptive laminated piezoelectric shells undergoing large displacements and rotations. The formulated mechanics incorporate coupling between in‐plane and flexural stiffness terms due to geometric curvature, coupling between mechanical and electric fields, and encompass geometric non‐linearity effects due to large displacements and rotations. The governing equations are formulated explicitly in orthogonal curvilinear co‐ordinates and are combined with the kinematic assumptions of a mixed‐field shear‐layerwise shell laminate theory. Based on the above formulation, a finite element methodology together with an incremental‐iterative technique, based on Newton–Raphson method is formulated. An eight‐node coupled non‐linear shell element is also developed. Various evaluation cases on laminated curved beams and cylindrical panels illustrate the capability of the shell finite element to predict the complex non‐linear behaviour of active shell structures including buckling, which is not captured by linear shell models. The numerical results also show the inherent capability of piezoelectric shell structures to actively induce large displacements through piezoelectric actuators, by jumping between multiple equilibrium states. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土压弯构件非线性有限元分析

通过选用合适的材料本构模型和粘结滑移模型，建立了锈蚀钢筋混凝土构件的有限元分析模型，以钢筋锈蚀率和轴压比为变量，对锈蚀钢筋混凝土压弯构件进行数值分析，旨在为在役锈损结构的非线性分析奠定基础．分析结果表明，钢筋锈蚀率和轴压比同时影响着锈损构件的性能劣化；构件的承载能力和变形能力均随锈蚀率的增加而降低；粘结力退化加剧了构件性能劣化，且小轴压比构件对粘结力退化更为敏感；就锈蚀率而言，构件性能劣化较粘结性能退化有一定的滞后；性能降低幅度也与轴压比有关，小轴压比构件的退化幅度相对较大；对于高轴压比构件，变形能力退化较少，而承载力退化幅度大于变形退化幅度．     

A Study on the Buckling Behaviour of Strips and Plates with Residual Stresses

During and after rolling or flattening of metal strips and plates the permissible deviations from flatness are described by the permissible absolute wave height and the flatness index. Both values can be determined on a measuring table while the material is not subjected to global tension. Because this procedure is expensive, time‐consuming and allows measurement only at discrete positions along the strip length, on‐line flatness measuring systems are used which can detect the distribution of longitudinal tensile stresses distributed across the strip width allowing for the calculation of the flatness index. This value does not always agree with the value obtained directly by measuring on the table even when the measurement of the longitudinal tensile stress distribution operates perfectly. It can be shown that the measurement of the tensile stress distribution does not give a direct indication on the wave height in the tension‐free state determined on the measuring table. To explain the relationship between tensile stress distribution in the strip and the flatness measurement on the measuring table, the buckling behavior is analysed both with and without dead load for simple symmetrical residual stress distributions resulting, e.g., from the rolling process. Based on the knowledge of the distribution of the longitudinal residual stresses across the strip width, the flatness index and the wave height can be determined by using a specialized finite element model. If the direct measurement is performed under action of dead load, large differences between the directly and indirectly obtained flatness index are observed. Below a certain limit of the intensity of the residual stress distribution the strips and plates lie flat on the measuring table. Above this limit the strip lying on the table exhibits post‐bucking deformations. In the latter case, the wave height increases with strip thickness and intensity of residual stresses.     

热过屈曲正交异性圆(环)板的自由振动响应

基于vonKármán薄板几何非线性理论,建立了以中面位移为基本未知量的加热极正交异性圆板轴对称大挠度动力学控制方程。然后,将控制方程的响应分解为热过屈曲静态解和振动解两部分,并在小振幅振动假设下得到了板在热过屈曲静平衡构形附近自由振动的线性微分方程。最后,采用打靶法获得了板在热过屈曲前后的固有频率与升温参数之间的特征关系曲线。结果表明,周边面内约束板的前两阶固有频率在热屈曲前随着温度升高而降低,而一旦板进入过屈曲平衡状态,前两阶频率都随着升温而单调增加。     

Explicit local buckling analysis and design of fiber–reinforced plastic composite structural shapes

Pultruded fiber–reinforced plastic (FRP) composite structural shapes (beams and columns) are thin-walled open or closed sections consisting of assemblies of flat plates and commonly made of E-glass fiber and either polyester or vinylester resins. Due to high strength-to-stiffness ratio of composites and thin-walled sectional geometry of FRP shapes, buckling is the most likely mode of failure before material failure. In this paper, explicit analyses of local buckling of rectangular orthotropic composite plates with various unloaded edge boundary conditions (i.e., (1) rotationally restrained along both unloaded edges (RR), and (2) one rotationally restrained and the other free along the unloaded edges (RF)) and subjected to uniform in-plane axial action at simply-supported loaded edges are first presented. A variational formulation of the Ritz method is used to establish an eigenvalue problem, and explicit solutions of plate local buckling coefficients in term of the rotational restraint stiffness (k) are obtained. The two cases of rotationally restrained plates (i.e., the RR and RF plates) are further treated as discrete plates of closed and open sections, and by considering the effect of elastic restraints at the joint connections of flanges and webs, the local buckling of different FRP shapes under uniform axial compression is studied. The approximate expressions of the rotational restraint stiffness (k) for various common FRP sections are provided, and their application to sectional local buckling predictions is illustrated. The explicit local buckling formulas of rotationally restrained plates are validated with the exact transcendental solutions. The analytical predictions for local buckling of various FRP profiles based on the present discrete plate analysis and considering the elastic restraints of the flange–web connections are in excellent agreements with available experimental results and finite element eigenvalue analyses. A design guideline for local buckling prediction and related performance improvement is proposed. The present explicit formulation can be applied effectively to determine the local buckling capacities of composite plates with elastic restraints along the unloaded edges and can be further used to predict the local buckling strength of FRP shapes.     

Bending and Stability of a Glued Curvilinear Rod with Initial Irregularities

A differential equation has been derived for the bending of a glued curvilinear rod with initial deflections of its elements. Adhesive joints work in shear. The 2D stability, collapse and buckling are investigated for a jointed rod, and the formulas are derived to determine the critical values of its element parameters. Some separate cases are considered and examples are given. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 6, pp. 114 – 123, November – December, 2005.