以抑制管柱结垢腐蚀为目标的注水井水源选择方法研究及应用

目的减少注水井管柱结垢腐蚀现象的发生,解决常用的水质评价方法存在测量困难、人为经验影响大等问题,提出一套以抑制注水管柱发生结垢腐蚀为目标的注水井水源选择方法。方法基于渤海油田7个水样分析结果,以水质的结垢腐蚀趋势为参考序列,水质成分(HCO_3~–、Cl~–、Ca~(2+)、Na~++K~+、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2–)的离子浓度)为比较序列,通过灰色关联度的方法研究各个离子成分对结垢腐蚀现象的敏感性。在此基础上,利用模糊物元的方法,对注水井水源选择的方法进行研究。结果得到了渤海油田水质成分(HCO_3~–、Cl~–、Ca~(2+)、Na~++K~+、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2–))对注水管柱结垢的最优影响权重(0.1964、0.1785、0.1753、0.1748、0.1706、0.1044),在此基础上,形成了一套注水井水源的快速选择方法。利用该方法对渤海A油田某注水井的三个水源(1号、2号和3号水源)的水质进行了分析,计算得到的水源优劣排序为2号水源1号水源3号水源,通过SI指数测定实验和挂片腐蚀实验验证了该选择方法的准确性。结论该方法可应用于未来渤海油田注水井水质的选择,对减少注水管柱发生结垢腐蚀现象具有较好的指导意义。     

Working mechanism of a high temperature (200°C) synthetic cement retarder and its interaction with an AMPS®‐based fluid loss polymer in oil well cement

A copolymer comprising of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS®) and itaconic acid (molar ratio 1 : 0.32) was synthesized by aqueous free radical polymerization and probed as high temperature retarder for oil well cement. Characteristic properties of the copolymer including molar masses (M_w and M_n), polydispersity index and anionic charge amount were determined. The copolymer possesses a M_w of ～ 2 × 10⁵ g/mol and is highly anionic. HT/HP consistometer tests confirmed effectiveness of the retarder at temperatures up to 200°C. The working mechanism of NaAMPS®‐co‐itaconic acid was found to rely exclusively on its huge calcium binding capacity (5 g calcium/g copolymer). It reduces the amount of freely dissolved, nonbound calcium ions present in cement pore solution and thus hinders the growth of cement hydrates because of lack of calcium. The value for the calcium binding capability is 46 times higher than the stoichiometric amount per ? COO^? functionality. Consequently, calcium also coordinates to other donor atoms present in the retarder. NaAMPS®‐co‐itaconic acid also adsorbs onto cement, as was evidenced by TOC analysis of cement filtrates, zeta potential measurement and decreased rheology of cement pastes. However, adsorption plays no role in the retarding mechanism of this copolymer. Combination of NaAMPS®‐co‐itaconic acid retarder with a common CaAMPS®‐co‐NNDMA fluid loss additive (FLA) revealed that competitive adsorption on cement between these two admixtures occurs. The retarder fills interstitial adsorption sites on cement located between those occupied by the larger FLA molecules. In consequence, fewer amounts of CaAMPS®‐co‐NNDMA can adsorb and its effectiveness is reduced. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

大口径深井取心钻进活动套管技术方法的探讨

在大口径深井取心钻进施工中,为了提高钻进效率、改善钻柱受力条件、封隔不稳定地层等,经常会下入活动套管。由于深井地层复杂、应力较大,井斜和井壁稳定性不易控制,如何保证安全、顺利地起、下活动套管,防止活动套管事故便成为施工中的突出问题。着重介绍了在施工过程中下入活动套管的技术方法及相关措施,并就施工过程中可能出现的相关问题提出了解决办法和思路。     

A comprehensive review of renewable energy resources for electricity generation in Australia

Recently, renewable energy resources and their impacts have sparked a heated debate to resolve the Australian energy crisis. There are many projects launched throughout the country to improve network security and reliability. This paper aims to review the current status of different renewable energy resources along with their impacts on society and the environment. Besides, it provides for the first time the statistics of the documents published in the field of renewable energy in Australia. The statistics include information such as the rate of papers published, possible journals for finding relative paper, types of documents published, top authors, and the most prevalent keywords in the field of renewable energy in Australia. It will focus on solar, wind, biomass, geothermal and hydropower technologies and will investigate the social and environmental impacts of these technologies.     

高压地下储气井专用套管疲劳性能评价

根据高压地下储气井服役情况，设计了用于实施高压地下储气井专用套管行业标准SH／T6535-2002评定其疲劳性能的试验方法，对天津钢管有限责任公司生产的专用套管疲劳性能进行了评价，并对实施该标准的方法进行了讨论。     

类W-势阱与应变超晶格量子阱的带间跃迁

假设量子阱是类W-势阱,应变效应表现为势阱底部出现了类抛物线鼓包。在量子力学框架下,讨论了应变效应对输出波长的影响。结果表明,在应变作用下,量子阱出现了能级分裂,正是这种分裂为高性能量子阱光学器件的研制提供了更大的设计空间,为量子阱激光器件输出波长的调节提供了理论基础。     

对接连通水平采卤井钻井工艺技术

定向对接连通井技术是采用定向钻探技术和水平井技术,使地面相距数百米的两井或多井,在地下数百米甚至数千米的目的开采层定向对接连通,实现两井或多井连通采矿。对接连通水平井钻井工艺技术涉及井位的确定、剖面的优选、井眼轨迹控制、钻井液性能等诸多方面。     

水平井早期试井公式

水平井早期流动是指水平井从开始生产起到压力降传播波尚达到储藏边界的阶段。在已有献中早期阶段被视为径向流，早期结束时间也存在各种计算公式，不同公式的结果相差甚大，并且皆缺少理论依据。根据早期时刻的等势面是以水平井两端点焦点的旋转椭球面，并应用质量守恒定律导出早期试井公式和早期结束时间的算法，理论和实例皆表明所推导的公式更能描述早期渗流规律，计算结果更符合实际情况。     

非开挖技术在市政管网工程中的应用研究

随着城市建设的不断发展,非开挖技术以其施工负面影响较小、所占场地较少、对道路交通及人们正常生活影响较微弱等优势得以迅速发展.以顶管法为例,介绍非开挖技术工作机理及其在市政管网工程中的应用,并在此基础上提出了非开挖技术所面临的困难,如非开挖技术标准和规范尚不完善,直接可观察性较差,以及存在建设风险隐患等,最后对其发展前景进行了展望.     

豫西强变形“三软”煤层地面定向水力掏煤技术研究

结合孟津煤矿采掘布置及瓦斯地质特性,设计施工1组U形对接井(MS2井组)进行定向掏煤,在地面对煤矿井下目标区进行超前区域瓦斯治理试验。MS2井组共完成4个窗口开窗,L2窗口完成La、Lb2个分支,L3分支卡钻后放弃,其他分支顺利完成,MS2井组累计掏煤300 m3,单支最大长度311.75 m,最大覆盖宽度137.12 m。