过筛煤粉在铸铁件湿型砂铸造生产中的作用

正确选择煤粉,其性能要求同时具有低灰分、高挥发分和高膨胀指数,以及具有合适的筛分粒度这一关键因素,以确保所生产的铸件没有机械粘砂缺陷和表面质量问题.通过仔细选择、安全操作和加工处理,煤粉仍然是一个优良的、简易的、经济的有效解决方案.煤粉在储存、加工和运输过程中易于调节,然后经过进一步的安全处理,最终被铸造厂使用.尽管煤粉有诸多不足之处,对于最终用户来说,它仍然是经济合算的.而且现代加工和筛分方法确保它在最佳条件下使用.     

A double receding contact axisymmetric problem between a functionally graded layer and a homogeneous substrate

In this paper, the axisymmetric problem of a frictionless double receding contact between a rigid stamp of axisymmetric profile, an elastic functionally graded layer and a homogeneous half space is considered. The graded layer is modelled as a nonhomogeneous medium with an isotropic stress-strain law. Assuming the double contact between the bodies to be frictionless, only compressive normal tractions can be transmitted in each contact area while the rest of the surface is free of tractions. Using an appropriate integral transform, the axisymmetric elasticity equations are converted analytically into a system of singular integral equations where the unknowns are the pressures and the radii of the receding contact area in the two contact zones. The global equilibrium conditions are supplemented to solve the problem. The singular integral equations are solved numerically using orthogonal Chebyshev polynomials. An iterative scheme based on the Newton-Raphson method is employed to obtain the receding contact radii and pressures that satisfy the equilibrium conditions. The main objectives of the paper are to study the effect of the nonhomogeneity parameter, the thickness of the graded layer and the magnitude of the applied load on the contact pressures, the radii of the receding contact zones and the indentation for the case of a spherical rigid punch.     

Exact solution for stability analysis of moderately thick functionally graded sector plates on elastic foundation

In this article, an exact analytical solution for buckling analysis of moderately thick functionally graded (FG) sector plates resting on Winkler elastic foundation is presented. The equilibrium equations are derived according to the first order shear deformation plate theory. Because of the coupling between the bending and stretching equilibrium equations of FG plates, these plates have deflection under in-plane loads lower than the critical buckling load acting on the mid-plane. The conditions under which FG plates remain flat in the pre-buckling configuration are investigated and the stability equations are obtained based on the flat plate assumption in the pre-buckling state. The stability equations are simplified into decoupled equations and solved analytically for plates having simply supported boundary condition on the straight edges. The critical buckling load is obtained and the effects of geometrical parameters and power law index on the stability of functionally graded sector plates are studded. The results for the critical buckling load of moderately thick functionally graded sector plates resting on elastic foundation are reported for the first time.     

A state space differential reproducing kernel method for the 3D analysis of FGM sandwich circular hollow cylinders with combinations of simply-supported and clamped edges

A state space differential reproducing kernel (DRK) method is developed for the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich circular hollow cylinders with combinations of simply-supported and clamped edges and under sinusoidally (or uniformly) distributed loads. The strong formulation of this 3D elasticity problem is derived on the basis of the Reissner mixed variational theorem (RMVT), which consists of the Euler–Lagrange equations of this problem and its associated boundary conditions. The primary field variables are expanded as the single Fourier series in the circumferential coordinate, then interpolated in the axial coordinate using the early proposed DRK interpolation functions, and finally the state space equations of this problem are obtained, which represent a system of ordinary differential equations in the thickness coordinate. The present state space DRK solutions can then be obtained by means of the transfer matrix method. In the illustrative examples, three different edge conditions, the simple-simple (SS), simple-clamped (SC), and clamped–clamped (CC) edges, are considered, and the accuracy and convergence of this method are examined by comparing their solutions with the exact 3D ones available in the literature and the solutions using the ANSYS commercial software.     

Frictional contact analysis of functionally graded materials with Lagrange finite block method

Based on the one‐dimensional differential matrix derived from the Lagrange series expansion, the finite block method was recently developed to solve both the elasticity and transient heat conduction problems of anisotropic and functionally graded materials. In this paper, the formulation of the Lagrange finite block method with boundary type in the strong form is presented and applied to non‐conforming contact problems for the functionally graded materials subjected to either static or dynamic loads. The first order partial differential matrices are only needed both in the governing equations and in the Neumann boundary condition. By introducing the mapping technique, a block of quadratic type is transformed from the Cartesian coordinate of global system to the normalized coordinate with eight seeds. Time dependent partial differential equations are analyzed in the Laplace transformed domain and the Durbin's inversion method is applied to determine all the physical values in the time domain. Conforming and non‐conforming contacts are investigated by using the iterative algorithm with full load technique. Illustrative numerical examples are given and comparisons have been made with analytical solutions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermoelastic Analysis of Functionally Graded Rotating Disks with Variable Thickness Involving Non-Uniform Heat Source

The research aims to investigate thermoelastic behavior of functionally graded rotating disks with variable thickness involving a non-uniform heat source. We assume material properties and thickness of rotating disks to vary in the radial direction. Axisymmetric thermal loads including non-uniform heat source, heat flux, and temperature boundary conditions are considered. To conduct corresponding simulations, two user subroutines are edited and incorporated into the commercial finite-element code ABAQUS. For verification, analytical formulations are derived and solved uniquely by symbolic calculations using the computing software Mathematica. The developed finite-element technique is then verified with very good agreement between results by ABAQUS and Mathematica.     

碳酸钙晶须与碳纤维混杂增强油井水泥石力学性能

针对油井水泥石易脆裂而造成油气井层间封隔失效的问题,通过实验研究了碳纤维、碳酸钙晶须及二者混杂对油井水泥石力学性能的影响,利用扫描电镜观察了水泥石微观形貌,并探讨混杂纤维增强水泥石的作用机理。实验结果表明:碳纤维、碳酸钙晶须及两者混杂纤维均能有效提高水泥石的抗压、抗折和劈裂抗拉强度;相对于单掺1种纤维,混杂纤维对水泥石的增强效果更好;混杂纤维水泥石具有明显的韧性,且混杂纤维显著提高了水泥石的力学形变能力。观察水泥石微观形貌和分析混杂纤维增韧机理后发现:碳酸钙晶须和碳纤维具有不同的尺寸、形貌和性能,能够在不同结构层次和荷载阶段发挥作用,控制微裂纹或裂缝的产生和发展,改善水泥石的强度和韧性。图20表5参27     

二氧化锆梯度复合羟基磷灰石生物材料的制备及其生物相容性

采用干铺2烧结法制备了一种以二氧化锆(ZrO₂ ) 为基体梯度复合羟基磷灰石( HAP) 的新型生物复合材料, 并对其力学性能、微观结构和生物相容性进行了研究。用扫描电镜(SEM) 、X 射线衍射仪(XRD) 、透射电镜( TEM) 和EDAX 能谱仪对粉体和复合材料进行分析。用复合材料的浸提液进行小鼠急性毒性试验、细胞毒性试验、体外溶血试验以及兔肌肉和骨内材料植入试验, 评价复合材料的生物相容性。研究结果表明, 复合材料的表面涂层厚度约80μm , 芯部基体组织与表面均匀过渡结合, 结合良好, 没有明显界面, 涂层结合强度为15. 1 MPa ,最大弯曲强度为1112. 24 MPa , KIC为7. 3～11. 4 MPa·m1/2 。其组织相容性好, 具有良好的骨传导作用, 促进骨组织生长, 是一种较理想的新型骨科植入材料。      

Citrus Naringenin Increases Neuron Survival in Optic Nerve Crush Injury Model by Inhibiting JNK-JUN Pathway

Traumatic nerve injury activates cell stress pathways, resulting in neuronal death and loss of vital neural functions. To date, there are no available neuroprotectants for the treatment of traumatic neural injuries. Here, we studied three important flavanones of citrus components, in vitro and in vivo, to reveal their roles in inhibiting the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)-JUN pathway and their neuroprotective effects in the optic nerve crush injury model, a kind of traumatic nerve injury in the central nervous system. Results showed that both neural injury in vivo and cell stress in vitro activated the JNK-JUN pathway and increased JUN phosphorylation. We also demonstrated that naringenin treatment completely inhibited stress-induced JUN phosphorylation in cultured cells, whereas nobiletin and hesperidin only partially inhibited JUN phosphorylation. Neuroprotection studies in optic nerve crush injury mouse models revealed that naringenin treatment increased the survival of retinal ganglion cells after traumatic optic nerve injury, while the other two components had no neuroprotective effect. The neuroprotection effect of naringenin was due to the inhibition of JUN phosphorylation in crush-injured retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, the citrus component naringenin provides neuroprotection through the inhibition of the JNK-JUN pathway by inhibiting JUN phosphorylation, indicating the potential application of citrus chemical components in the clinical therapy of traumatic optic nerve injuries.