建筑工程绿色施工发展现状和对策分析

绿色施工是可持续发展观在工程施工中的具体体现,是现代施工企业的必然选择。论文剖析了我国建筑工程绿色施工发展现状及推进过程中存在的问题,提出并分析了发展绿色施工的若干对策。     

发现·转化：基于问题驱动的城市住宅课程教学实践探索

在中国房地产快速发展背景下，“城市住宅设计”教学中容易出现重点不清，以及学生对设计素材抄袭的问题。文章针对以住宅设计原理的掌握为主的教学要求，进行了“基于问题驱动的城市住宅课程设计”的实践探索。力图通过一条“问题驱动”的设计链条，引导问题的“发现”，控制问题的 “转化”，帮助学生结合设计条件对城市住宅进行主动的思考以及有目的的设计，以促成教学目标的达成。这样的教学方法有利于学生实现设计创新，并能够开拓具有社会角度的专业视野。     

A bill of materials-based approach for end-of-life decision making in design for the environment

Re-use, recycling or remanufacturing of products and components are good alternatives for reducing the environmental problems resulting from the huge amounts of waste currently arriving at landfills. A new approach is proposed in this paper for enhancing these alternatives from the earliest stages of product design. Given the product structure (obtained from its bill of materials (BOM)) and the joining and geometrical relationships among the components (obtained from the three-dimensional, computer-aided design representation), a model is proposed that will determine the EOL (EOL) strategy, i.e. the depth of disassembly inside the structure and the final end (re-use, recycle, remanufacture or disposal) for each disassembled part leading to the highest profit. A scatter search (SS) metaheuristic is used to determine the disassembly cost at each level of the BOM. The model presents a number of major improvements with respect to previous research. It addresses the problems of simultaneously determining both the best EOL strategy and the disassembly sequence, as well as allowing removal of components not only over the two or three Cartesian axes and affording the possibility of modifying the encountered strategy in a further step so as to fulfil other business criteria (such as disassembly time, resources availability or maximum waste generation rate).     

Ontology development for run-time safety management methodology in Smart Work Environments using ambient knowledge

This paper presents the development of a decision support system for run-time safety management in Smart Work Environments (SWEs). Our approach consists of four main phases: (i) definition of the basic steps of a methodology for run-time safety management; (ii) development of an ontological knowledge-base of safety in work environments; (iii) definition of constraints on the ontology based on organizations’ safety protocols; (iv) communication of relevant information to each actor in the safety management team. We propose a generic ontological model of safety expertise, based on Occupational Safety and Health Regulations (OSHA), that is employed as Knowledge required in our safety management methodology based on the MAPE-K (Monitor–Analyze–Plan–Execute and Knowledge) loop. We present the RAMIRES (Risk-Adaptive Management in Resilient Environments with Security) tool, implementing this methodology. RAMIRES is developed as a dashboard, supporting the safety management team in understanding the risk and its consequences, and to support decision making in risk treatment. RAMIRES interacts with the SWE and the safety management team (actors) in order to: (i) communicate the risks and preventive strategies to actors; (ii) obtain more data about the observed areas to understand the risk and its consequences; and (iii) execute the automatic preventive strategies and support actors in the execution of human-operated preventive strategies. In this paper, we show the details on concepts designed in the safety ontology and illustrate how these concepts can be extended to provide an abstract model of a specific use case. Furthermore, we propose the definition of constraints on the ontology using logic-based rules. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the proposed methodology regarding the resilience of the environment.     

库存环境对羽绒填充物微生物影响的探讨

本文从重庆、沈阳、上海三地分别抽取库存一年、两年、三年的羽绒服,根据GB/T 14272《羽绒服装》进行微生物检测,探讨各地环境、库存时间对羽绒服微生物的影响,为企业改善羽绒制品的仓储条件提供依据。     

新型铺地材料在绿色室内设计中的应用体现

铺设地板的材料是其中较为重要的一项装饰内容。本文通过对新型铺地材料的运用分析，希望可以为设计师在设计中根据不同的室内环境进行合理的选择运用，以便为用户设计出舒适健康的室内环境。     

新型双季铵盐杀菌剂的合成及其杀菌性能研究

以乙二胺、甲酸、甲醇和氯乙酸乙酯为原料,合成了双季铵盐杀菌剂,以绿藻为模型,探讨了双季铵盐的浓度和投加时间对其杀菌性能的影响。结果表明,当双季铵盐的浓度为0.3 g/mL时,杀菌效果较好,3 d可实现79.25%的杀菌率,且投加时间越长,灭菌效果越显著。     

Numerical studies on the microclimate around a sleeping person and the related thermal neutrality issues

This article reports on two numerical studies on the microclimate around, and the thermal neutrality of, a sleeping person in a space installed with a displacement ventilation system. The development of a sleeping computational thermal manikin (SCTM) placed in a space air-conditioned by a displacement ventilation system is first described. This is followed by reporting the results of the first numerical study on the microclimate around the SCTM, including air temperature and velocity distributions and the heat transfer characteristics. Then the outcomes of the other numerical study on the thermal neutrality of a sleeping person are presented, including the thermal neutrality for a naked sleeping person and the effects of the total insulation value of a bedding system on the thermal neutrality of a sleeping person.

Statement of relevance: The thermal environment would greatly affect the sleep quality of human beings. Through developing a SCTM, the microclimate around a sleeping person has been numerically studied. The thermal neutral environment may then be predicted and contributions to improved sleep quality may be made.     

Cell morphology and focal adhesion location alters internal cell stress

Extracellular mechanical cues have been shown to have a profound effect on osteogenic cell behaviour. However, it is not known precisely how these cues alter intracellular mechanics to initiate changes in cell behaviour. In this study, a combination of in vitro culture of MC3T3-E1 cells and finite-element modelling was used to investigate the effects of passive differences in substrate stiffness on intracellular mechanics. Cells on collagen-based substrates were classified based on the presence of cell processes and the dimensions of various cellular features were quantified. Focal adhesion (FA) density was quantified from immunohistochemical staining, while cell and substrate stiffnesses were measured using a live-cell atomic force microscope. Computational models of cell morphologies were developed using an applied contraction of the cell body to simulate active cell contraction. The results showed that FA density is directly related to cell morphology, while the effect of substrate stiffness on internal cell tension was modulated by both cell morphology and FA density, as investigated by varying the number of adhesion sites present in each morphological model. We propose that the cells desire to achieve a homeostatic stress state may play a role in osteogenic cell differentiation in response to extracellular mechanical cues.