Identification of cocoa butter equivalents added to cocoa butter by fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol sub-fractions separated by Ag+-HPLC – II –

 In a previous study the fatty acid compositions of triacylglycerol sub-fractions, separated by Ag⁺-HPLC, were studied in samples of cocoa butter, cocoa butter equivalents (CBE) and some of their mixtures. In this paper similar research is described which was carried out on three other CBE (Illexao 30–61, Illexao 30–63, Illexao 30–71). The results show the particular significance of the fully saturated sub-fraction, in which notable percentage changes in C16 : 0 and C18 : 0 contents were also detectable in the two mixtures with the lowest CBE content (5% or 15%, w/w) relative to genuine cocoa butter. Multiple regression analysis was used to verify the percentages changes of fatty acid contents in the fully saturated sub-fraction as a function of the percentage of CBE added to genuine cocoa butter. Received: 19 December 1997 / Revised version: 25 June 1998     

High-Performance ITO-Free Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films

The unprecedented advancement in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has rendered them a promising game-changer in photovoltaics. However, unsatisfactory environmental stability and high manufacturing cost of window electrodes are bottlenecks impeding their commercialization. Here, a strategy is introduced to address these bottlenecks by replacing the costly indium tin oxide (ITO) window electrodes via a simple transfer technique with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) films, which are made of earth-abundant elements with superior chemical and environmental stability. The resultant devices exhibit PCEs of ≈19% on rigid substrates, which is the highest value reported to date for ITO-free PSCs. The facile approach for SWCNTs also enables application in flexible PSCs (f-PSCs), delivering a PCE of ≈18% with superior mechanical robustness over their ITO-based counterparts due to the excellent mechanical properties of SWCNTs. The SWCNT-based PSCs also deliver satisfactory performances on large-area (1 cm² active area in this work). Furthermore, these SWCNT-based PSCs can retain over 80% of original PCEs after exposure to air over 700 h while ITO-based devices only sustain ≈60% of initial PCEs. This work paves a promising way to accelerate the commercialization of ITO-free PSCs with reduced material cost and prolonged lifetimes.     

可编程数据平面技术综述

在软件定义网络中,可编程数据平面提供的编程能力是网络功能虚拟化的基石。可编程数据平面技术的核心是可编程能力与数据包处理性能。首先从数据平面的可编程性出发,探讨现有数据平面的数据包处理抽象。然后,分别对数据平面实施的目标平台与对应平台上的主要流表算法进行介绍,详细论述现有数据平面技术。最后,探讨了高性能数据平面技术存在的关键挑战。     

便携设备使用的高性能充电器

本文提出了一个供便携设备的高性能充电器解决方案。     

溶剂浮选-高效液相色谱法测定工业废水中酚类化合物

建立了溶剂浮选-高效液相色谱法测定工业废水中酚类化合物的新方法。采用溶剂浮选法分离富集水体中壬基酚（NP）、辛基酚（OP）和双酚A（BPA）,用高效液相色谱法测定各组分含量。对影响浮选效果的参数如浮选溶剂、试液pH值、氮气流速、浮选时间等因素进行优化,优选出最佳浮选条件。方法检出限分别为：0.03 μg/L（BPA）,0.25 μg/L(OP),0.21 μg/L(NP)。采用所述方法对石化地区的水样进行测定,样品加标回收率为83%～110%,RSD为4.2%～5.9%。     

网格计算及其应用

网络计算给互联网带来了新的活力，它是一种新型的分布计算技术，致力于解决复杂度很高的新应用问题，文中简述了网格计算的定义、体系结构、关键问题、当前几个有代表性的网格系统以及网格应用实例，并分析了风格计算发展趋势。     

高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱法解析桑椹酒渣中的酚类物质

该研究通过研究桑椹酒渣中的酚类化合物,为开发酒渣的价值提供一定的理论基础和数据支撑。建立云桑二号桑椹酒渣中的酚类化合物的高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱法（HPLC-Q-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry,HPLC-Q-TOF-MS）定性分析方法。液相色谱使用ZORBAX SB-Aq(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8-Micron）色谱柱,流动相为乙腈和0.1%(V/V）甲酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,采用ESI离子源在负离子模式进行质谱检测。最终鉴定出云桑二号桑椹酒渣中酚类物质共14种。然后利用标准品对照高效液相色谱法（High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC）对高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱法鉴定出的多酚类化合物进行了定量测定,发现桑椹酒渣中的酚类物质组成与桑椹大致相同。但各单体酚含量总体降低。其中,花青素类酚类物质含量最高的是天竺葵素-3-葡萄糖苷（718.30μg/g）,非花青素类多酚物质含量最高的是儿茶素（1 805.87μg/g）。这些结果表明桑椹酒渣酚类含量丰富,是开发健康食品的良好原料。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定香辛料中的去甲乌药碱

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)快速测定香辛料中去甲乌药碱的分析方法。实验优化了样品前处理条件和色谱质谱条件。在优化条件下,样品经体积比为80%甲醇-水提取,纯水进行一定倍数的稀释,以Waters XBridge C18(150 mm×2.1mm,5μm)色谱柱分离,电喷雾正离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量,实现了香辛料中去甲乌药碱的精确定量分析。去甲乌药碱在0.05~20.0 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9999,方法检出限为0.7μg/kg,定量限为2.33μg/kg,在3个添加水平条件下八角的平均回收率为91.80%~99.97%,相对标准偏差为1.43%~2.35%。该方法简单、灵敏、准确性高、稳定性好,适用于香辛料中去甲乌药碱的测定。     

乙酰丙酮衍生化高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定食品中的甲醛

建立基于乙酰丙酮衍生化利用配有荧光检测器高效液相色谱测定食品中甲醛含量的方法。色谱柱为EclipseXDB-C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为V（乙腈）∶V（水）=20∶80,激发波长为416 nm,发射波长为505 nm,采用外标法定量,甲醛质量浓度在0.001～20.0 mg/L范围内呈良好线性,相关系数为0.999 9。甲醛质量浓度为0.005、0.05、0.5、5.0 mg/L时相对标准偏差分别为4.2%、1.9%、1.4%和0.81%。固体及粉末样品的检出限为0.025 mg/kg,液体样品的检出限为0.025 mg/L。本方法用于干香菇、面粉及啤酒样品中甲醛含量的测定,加标回收率为92.0%～97.7%,相对标准偏差不大于5.6%。结果表明,本方法灵敏度高,方便快捷,结果可靠。     

中国母乳中低聚糖组分及含量变化——以中国广东江门地区为例

密集收取22位中国母亲共163个母乳样品,采用高效阴离子色谱法监测在不同泌乳期中22种母乳低聚糖(human milk oligosaccharides,HMOs)的组成和含量变化。结果表明,15种中性低聚糖含量在泌乳初期(初乳)达到最高值后逐渐减少(成熟乳),但是3-岩藻糖乳糖的含量在整个取样阶段均在持续增加。6种酸性低聚糖在泌乳初期稳定但后期随时间延长逐渐减少,其中唾液酸化-乳糖-N-四糖a只在部分样本中检出。基于Lewis血型类型,可将母亲分为分泌型组和非分泌型组。分泌型母亲的母乳中富含α-1-2-L-岩藻糖基化低聚糖(如2’-岩藻糖乳糖、乳酰-N-岩藻五糖Ⅰ、二岩藻糖基乳糖、乳酰-N-二岩藻六糖Ⅰ)。在分泌型与非分泌型母乳中,α-1-2-L-岩藻糖基化低聚糖的质量浓度范围分别为1 211~7 272 mg/L和100~920 mg/L;然而α-1-3/4-L-岩藻糖基化低聚糖(如乳酰-N-二岩藻六糖Ⅱ、乳糖-N-二岩藻糖基-八糖、3-岩藻糖乳糖、乳酰-N-岩藻五糖Ⅱ)的质量浓度范围则分别为181~2 722 mg/L和476~4 931 mg/L。总体表明,分泌型和非分泌型母亲在泌乳期内的HMOs的组成和含量均在不断变化且差异明显。